{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:41:35Z","timestamp":1787773295950,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ebm-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Exp. Biol. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite the highly effective impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there are concerns of long-term impacts of ART on the health of the offspring. The implications of perinatal exposure to antiviral drugs on the gut bacterial population and metabolic function in the offspring is unclear but may influence health outcomes given the various reported effects of the microbiome in human health. This study aims to gain insight into the potential effect of\n                    <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    and lactational exposure to ART on gut microbiota populations and short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in aged rat offspring. Pregnant rats were administered a combination of antiretroviral drugs (abacavir\/dolutegravir\/lamivudine) at two different dose levels during gestation and throughout lactation, and the fecal bacterial abundance and SCFA levels of the offspring were analyzed when they reached 12\u00a0months of age. Our results showed dose-dependent and sex-based differences in fecal microbial abundance at various taxonomic levels. Specifically, we found a decline in\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    in males, and an increase in\n                    <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    among males and females. Furthermore, a sex-specific distribution reorganization of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified. No significant difference in the concentration of prominent SCFAs and IgA levels were identified. These findings provide preliminary information indicating the need to evaluate perinatal effects of ART more comprehensively on the gut bacterial and metabolic function in future studies, and their potential role in offspring health outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2025.10468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T09:29:09Z","timestamp":1747819749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of in utero and lactational exposure to antiretroviral therapy on the gut microbial composition and metabolic function in aged rat offspring"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"Chandra Mohan Reddy","family":"Muthumula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaswanthi","family":"Yanamadala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuppan","family":"Gokulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumari","family":"Karn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Cunny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine H.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Khare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the normal gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7502","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7502","article-title":"Factors affecting the composition of the gut microbiota, and its modulation","volume":"7","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/mib.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current understanding of dysbiosis in disease in human and animal models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.06.005","article-title":"Mother-to-Infant microbial transmission from different body sites shapes the developing infant gut microbiome","volume":"24","author":"Ferretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host and Microbe"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100156","article-title":"Delivery mode affects stability of early infant gut microbiota","volume":"1","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0498-0","article-title":"The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants' life: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Rutayisire","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72635-x","article-title":"Comparison of gut microbiota in exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed babies: a study of 91 term infants","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030400","article-title":"The role of diet and nutritional interventions for the infant gut microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Catassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1108","article-title":"Minireview: gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ","volume":"28","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.161","article-title":"Gut microbiota, the immune system, and diet influence the neonatal gut-brain axis","volume":"77","author":"Sherman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00349","article-title":"Early microbes modify immune system development and metabolic homeostasis-the \u201crestaurant\u201d hypothesis revisited","volume":"8","author":"Nash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00788","article-title":"Patterns of early-life gut microbial colonization during human immune development: an ecological perspective","volume":"8","author":"Laforest-Lapointe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume-title":"StatPearls. Treasure island (FL)","author":"Patel","year":"2023"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2014.06.001","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy: current drugs","volume":"28","author":"Pau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North America"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68337-2","article-title":"Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries","volume":"367","author":"Braitstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162x11311020004","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV during breastfeeding","volume":"11","author":"Shetty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70288-7","article-title":"Triple antiretroviral compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (Kesho Bora study): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"de Vincenzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195033","article-title":"Optimizing prevention of HIV mother to child transmission: duration of antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression at delivery among pregnant Malawian women","volume":"13","author":"Chagomerana","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-019-01263-x","article-title":"ART in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV","volume":"70","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"The J Obstet Gynecol India"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents With HIV","year":"2023"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80247-8","article-title":"Impact of long-term antiretroviral therapy on gut and oral microbiotas in HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"11","author":"Imahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12588","article-title":"Microbiome alterations in HIV infection a review","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349ra100","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf5103","article-title":"Maternal HIV infection influences the microbiome of HIV-uninfected infants","volume":"8","author":"Bender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0625-3","article-title":"The gut microbiome in human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Zilberman-Schapira","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.363","article-title":"Complexities of gut microbiome dysbiosis in the context of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol and Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031105","article-title":"Gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids: implications in glucose homeostasis","volume":"23","author":"Portincasa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105420","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.17","article-title":"Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"5","author":"Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin and Translational Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007","article-title":"Regulation of intestinal barrier function by microbial metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571731","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.571731","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a trigger for metabolic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Scheithauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00190","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Moreno-Indias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0769","article-title":"Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Hartstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111805","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in gut\u2013heart Axis: their role in the pathology of heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Yukino-Iwashita","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13892","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813892","article-title":"Gut microbiota and derived short-chain fatty acids are linked to evolution of heart failure patients","volume":"24","author":"Modrego","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101706","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid metabolism and multiple effects on cardiovascular diseases","volume":"81","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00151","article-title":"Current sampling methods for gut microbiota: a call for more precise devices","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres12010008","article-title":"Elucidating the relations between gut bacterial composition and the plasma and fecal metabolomes of antibiotic treated wistar rats","volume":"12","author":"Murali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e154944","DOI":"10.1172\/jci154944","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing: insights to advance clinical investigations of the microbiome","volume":"132","author":"Wensel","year":"2022","journal-title":"The J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2022.100391","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of shotgun metagenomics, amplicon sequencing, and harmonization of these platforms for epidemiological studies","volume":"3","author":"Usyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Methods"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297860","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2297860","article-title":"Multi-omic approaches for host-microbiome data integration","volume":"16","author":"Chetty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250891","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1250891","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis reveals substantial linkages between the oral-gut microbiomes and inflamm-aging molecules in elderly pigs","volume":"14","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01581","article-title":"Mucosal IgA responses: damaged in established HIV infection\u2014yet, effective weapon against HIV transmission","volume":"8","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.2147\/ppa.s379065","article-title":"Virological outcomes after switching to abacavir\/lamivudine\/dolutegravir combined with adherence support in people living with HIV with poor adherence: a phase IV, multicentre randomized prospective open label study (TriiADD-CTN 286)","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Preference and Adherence"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine (oral route)\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"MicrobiomeAnalyst 2.0: comprehensive statistical, functional and integrative analysis of microbiome data\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W310","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad407","article-title":"MicrobiomeAnalyst 2.0: comprehensive statistical, functional and integrative analysis of microbiome data","volume":"51","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/jox14010012","article-title":"Early developmental exposure to triclosan impacts fecal microbial populations, IgA and functional activities of the rat microbiome","volume":"14","author":"Lahiani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Xenobiotics"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Global situation and trends\n          \n          \n            \n              Organisation\n              WH\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/coh.0000000000000298","article-title":"Trends in life expectancy of HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy across the globe: comparisons with general population","volume":"11","author":"Wandeler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.mr0318-120r","article-title":"Impact of maternal HIV exposure, feeding status, and microbiome on infant cellular immunity","volume":"105","author":"Dzanibe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05743-x","article-title":"The impact of HIV and ART exposure during pregnancy on fetal growth: a prospective study in a South African cohort","volume":"23","author":"Mtintsilana","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550","article-title":"Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota","volume":"489","author":"Lozupone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02407","article-title":"Rarefaction, alpha diversity, and statistics","volume":"10","author":"Willis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00149-6","article-title":"Gut microbiome composition, not alpha diversity, is associated with survival in a natural vertebrate population","volume":"3","author":"Worsley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Microbiome"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1260","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1260","article-title":"Impact of antibiotics on the human microbiome and consequences for host health","volume":"11","author":"Patangia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05496-11","article-title":"Profound alterations of intestinal microbiota following a single dose of clindamycin results in sustained susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-induced colitis","volume":"80","author":"Buffie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00558-09","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of Clostridium difficile carrier mice triggers a supershedder state, spore-mediated transmission, and severe disease in immunocompromised hosts","volume":"77","author":"Lawley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.060","article-title":"Peripartum antibiotics promote gut dysbiosis, loss of immune tolerance, and inflammatory bowel disease in genetically prone offspring","volume":"20","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(14)70152-3","article-title":"Maternal propensity for infections and risk of childhood asthma: a registry-based cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Stokholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00431","article-title":"Microbiome and human health: current understanding, engineering, and enabling technologies","volume":"123","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.bad-0010-2016","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and their health-promoting effects","volume":"5","author":"Hidalgo-Cantabrana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163647","article-title":"Development of gut microbiota in the first 1000 Days after birth and potential interventions","volume":"15","author":"Pantazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.190009","article-title":"Sex differences in gut microbiota","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/mcg.0000000000001676","article-title":"Association between sex hormone levels and gut microbiota composition and diversity-A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"d\u2019Afflitto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840245","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840245","article-title":"Lactobacillus spp. for gastrointestinal health: current and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Dempsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291164","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2291164","article-title":"Bifidobacterium mechanisms of immune modulation and tolerance","volume":"15","author":"Gavzy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria effects, immune responses and rotavirus vaccines and infection in different host species","volume":"172","author":"Vlasova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathology"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184","article-title":"Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health","volume":"12","author":"Mazziotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030126","article-title":"Alteration of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): cause or consequence? IBD treatment targeting the gut microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i30.4053","article-title":"Gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer","volume":"28","author":"Quaglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0303-2","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease","volume":"8","author":"Boulang\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16643","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16643","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila inversely correlates with the onset of inflammation, altered adipose tissue metabolism and metabolic disorders during obesity in mice","volume":"5","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934695","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.934695","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and gut immune system: a Good friendship that attenuates inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27187-7","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in glucose metabolism is shaped by androgen-driven gut microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00422-6","article-title":"Shedding light on biological sex differences and microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis: a comprehensive review of its roles in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"13","author":"Shobeiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differences"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3390\/d15101103","article-title":"Differences in the composition of Akkermansia species and families of christensenellaceae and ruminococcaceae bacteria in the gut microbiota of healthy polish women following a typical western diet","volume":"15","author":"Zapa\u0142a","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111551","article-title":"Protective effects of a novel probiotic Bifidobacterium pseudolongum on the intestinal barrier of colitis mice via modulating the ppar\u03b3\/STAT3 pathway and intestinal microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria: importance and strategies for their stimulation in the human gut","volume":"7","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174800","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1174800","article-title":"Bifidobacterium: a probiotic for the prevention and treatment of depression","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030459","article-title":"The association between early-life gut microbiota and long-term health and diseases","volume":"10","author":"Sarkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0028322","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00283-22","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in bacterial infections","volume":"90","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"Antibiotics affect male and female gut microbiomes differently\n          \n          \n            \n              Center\n              CSM\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711137","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.711137","article-title":"The gut microbiome and sex hormone-related diseases","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150122","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0122","article-title":"Sex differences in the gut microbiome\u2013brain axis across the lifespan","volume":"371","author":"Ja\u0161arevi\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12109","article-title":"Microbial genes, brain and behaviour \u2013 epigenetic regulation of the gut\u2013brain axis","volume":"13","author":"Stilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes, Brain Behav"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211","article-title":"Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: key components of the human gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Fusco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00987-1","article-title":"Complex regulatory effects of gut microbial short-chain fatty acids on immune tolerance and autoimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell and Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1186892","article-title":"Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Experimental Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ebm-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ebm.2025.10468\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T09:29:17Z","timestamp":1747819757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ebm-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ebm.2025.10468\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ebm.2025.10468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ebm.2025.10468","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-3699","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"article-number":"10468"}}