{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:46:00Z","timestamp":1753890360934,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nose provides a route of access to the body for inhalants and fluids. Unsurprisingly it has a strong immune defense system, with involvement of innate (e.g., epithelial barrier, muco- ciliary clearance, nasal secretions with interferons, lysozyme, nitric oxide) and acquired (e.g., secreted immunoglobulins, lymphocytes) arms. The lattice network of dendritic cells surrounding the nostrils allows rapid uptake and sampling of molecules able to negotiate the epithelial barrier. Despite this many respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV2, are initiated through nasal mucosal contact, and the nasal mucosa is a significant \u201creservoir\u201d for microbes including<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and SARS -CoV-2<\/jats:italic>. This review includes consideration of the augmentation of immune defense by the nasal application of interferons, then the reduction of unnecessary inflammation and infection by alteration of the nasal microbiome. The nasal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue (nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, NALT) provides an important site for vaccine delivery, with cold-adapted live influenza strains (LAIV), which replicate intranasally, resulting in an immune response without significant clinical symptoms, being the most successful thus far. Finally, the clever intranasal application of antibodies bispecific for allergens and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as a topical treatment for allergic and RV-induced rhinitis is explained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2021.668781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T15:53:00Z","timestamp":1625154780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Review: The Nose as a Route for Therapy. Part 2 Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Yorissa","family":"Padayachee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Flicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Linton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cafferkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Onn Min","family":"Kon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian L.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Desrosiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Valenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenis Kathleen","family":"Scadding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.1.209","article-title":"Interferons and their application in the diseases of the lung","volume":"123","author":"Antoniou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1957.0048","article-title":"Virus interference. I. The interferon","volume":"147","author":"Isaacs","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc R Soc London Ser B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501575","article-title":"Interference with virus infection downloaded from","volume":"195","author":"Gale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372494","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1372494","article-title":"Human type I interferon antiviral effects in respiratory and reemerging viral infections","volume":"2020","author":"Acosta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2011.07.008","article-title":"Interferons as therapeutic agents for infectious diseases","volume":"25","author":"Bergman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.07.015","article-title":"Interferons: success in anti-viral immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199142050-00003","article-title":"The use of interferon-\u03b1 in virus infections","volume":"42","author":"Finter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2008.11.002","article-title":"Interferons: signaling, antiviral and viral evasion","volume":"122","author":"Bonjardim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Lett."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.6","article-title":"Interferons and viral infections","volume":"35","author":"Fensterl","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioFactors."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.02.001","article-title":"Interferons (IFNs) are key cytokines in both innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses - and viruses counteract IFN action","volume":"7","author":"Bonjardim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/ni875","article-title":"IFN-\u03bbs mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex","volume":"4","author":"Kotenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"p. 315","article-title":"Interferon: the 50th anniversary - preface","volume-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","author":"Pitha","year":"2007"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3041162","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of interferons","volume":"3","author":"Tovey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p. 250","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60411-9_15","article-title":"Adverse effects of interferon treatment","volume-title":"Interferons","author":"Aul","year":"1997"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980801)83:3","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of interferon-\u03b1 in melanoma therapy: results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Caraceni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10319","article-title":"Pulmonary side effects of interferon-\u03b1 therapy in patients with hematological malignancies","volume":"73","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hematol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199019050-00003","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of interferons","volume":"19","author":"Wills","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3020323","article-title":"Oromucosal administration of interferon to humans","volume":"3","author":"Beilharz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.07.017","article-title":"Disease burden of the most commonly detected respiratory viruses in hospitalized patients calculated using the disability adjusted life year (DALY) model","volume":"52","author":"Gaunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy311","article-title":"Burden, etiology, and risk factors of respiratory virus infections among symptomatic preterm infants in the tropics: A retrospective single-center cohort study","volume":"67","author":"Yeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"20","article-title":"Interferon: mechanisms of action and clinical value","volume":"2","author":"Houglum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Pharm."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0474-9","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics","volume":"17","author":"Troy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13973-6","article-title":"Treatment of SARS with human interferons","volume":"362","author":"Cinatl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1001","article-title":"Pegylated interferon-\u03b1 protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques","volume":"10","author":"Haagmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030482","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b2 1a and SARS coronavirus replication","volume":"10","author":"Hensley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1086\/382597","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus is inhibited by interferon-\u03b1","volume":"189","author":"Str\u00f6her","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.07.029","article-title":"Effect of exogenous interferons on rhinovirus replication and airway inflammatory responses","volume":"111","author":"Becker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029255","article-title":"Exogenous ifn-alpha administration reduces influenza a virus replication in the lower respiratory tract of rhesus macaques","volume":"6","author":"Matzinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8059","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02263-07","article-title":"Role of interferon in the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 1 wild type and mutant viruses in human ciliated airway epithelium","volume":"82","author":"Bartlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.26.1.31","article-title":"Intranasal interferon-\u03b12 for prevention of natural rhinovirus colds","volume":"26","author":"Farr","year":"1984","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90714-9","article-title":"Inhibition of respiratory virus infection by locally applied interferon","volume":"301","author":"Merigan","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91031-5","article-title":"Prevention of rhinovirus colds by human interferon alpha-2 from Escherichia coli","volume":"320","author":"Scott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(83)90034-7","article-title":"An effective dosage regimen for prophylaxis against rhinovirus infection by intranasal administration of HuIFN-\u03b12","volume":"3","author":"Phillpotts","year":"1983","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6332.1822","article-title":"Purified interferon as protection against rhinovirus infection","volume":"284","author":"Scott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.2.181","article-title":"Intranasally applied recombinant leukocyte A interferon in normal volunteers. II. Determination of minimal effective and tolerable dose","volume":"150","author":"Samo","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/148.3.543","article-title":"Intranasal interferon alpha 2 for prevention of rhinovirus infection and illness","volume":"148","author":"Hayden","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198601093140201","article-title":"Prophylactic efficacy of intranasal alpha 2 -interferon against rhinovirus infections in the family setting","volume":"314","author":"Douglas","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.1.128","article-title":"Intranasal interferon-\u03b12b for seasonal prophylaxis of respiratory infection","volume":"154","author":"Monto","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.2.224","article-title":"Intranasal recombinant alfa-2b interferon treatment of naturally occurring common colds","volume":"32","author":"Hayden","year":"1988","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.2.174","article-title":"Intranasal interferon-\u03b12 treatment of experimental rhinoviral colds","volume":"150","author":"Hayden","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198601093140202","article-title":"Prevention of natural colds by contact prophylaxis with intranasal alpha 2 -interferon","volume":"26","author":"Hayden","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150811","article-title":"Efficacy of Alpha 2 -interferon against the common cold","volume":"315","author":"Foy","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90470-1","article-title":"Intranasal interferon for contact prophylaxis against common cold in families","volume":"2","author":"Herzog","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.3.387","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of postexposure prophylaxis of rhinovirus infection with low-dose intranasal alpha 2b interferon in families","volume":"33","author":"Monto","year":"1989","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.379","article-title":"Intranasally administered interferon as prophylaxis against experimentally induced influenza a virus infection in humans","volume":"156","author":"Treanor","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.24.5.713","article-title":"Intranasal interferon as protection against experimental respiratory coronavirus infection in volunteers","volume":"24","author":"Higgins","year":"1983","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(90)90061-B","article-title":"The efficacy of intranasal interferon\u03b1-2a in respiratory syncytial virus infection in volunteers","volume":"14","author":"Higgins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.1.166","article-title":"Tolerance and efficacy of intranasal administration of recombinant \u03b2(serine) interferon in healthy adults","volume":"158","author":"Sperber","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1986.6.153","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b2ser as prophylaxis against experimental rhinovirus infection in volunteers","volume":"6","author":"Higgins","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Interferon Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.4.700","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of recombinant interferon-\u03b2serine nasal drops for prophylaxis of natural colds","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1988.8.591","article-title":"Recombinant human interferon-\u03b3 as prophylaxis against rhinovirus colds in volunteers","volume":"8","author":"Higgins","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Interferon Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01232","article-title":"Interferon-\u03bbs: front-line guardians of immunity and homeostasis in the respiratory tract","volume":"8","author":"Andreakos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01826.x","article-title":"Respiratory virus induction of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons in bronchial epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"64","author":"Khaitov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606413","article-title":"IFN \u03bb is a potent anti-influenza therapeutic without the inflammatory side effects of IFN \u03b1 treatment","volume":"8","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1249LE","article-title":"Deficient immune response to viral infections in children predicts later asthma persistence","volume":"197","author":"Baraldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1462","article-title":"Role of deficient type III interferon-\u03bb production in asthma exacerbations","volume":"1","author":"Contoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002114","article-title":"The role of IL-15 deficiency in the pathogenesis of virus-Induced asthma exacerbations","volume":"7","author":"Laza-Stanca","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804181105","article-title":"Rhinovirus-induced lower respiratory illness is increased in asthma and related to virus load and Th1\/2 cytokine and IL-10 production","volume":"105","author":"Message","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.044","article-title":"Rhinovirus 16-induced IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 are deficient in bronchoalveolar lavage cells in asthmatic patients","volume":"129","author":"Sykes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041901","article-title":"Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus","volume":"201","author":"Wark","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.01.023","article-title":"Exogenous IFN-\u03b2 has antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties in primary bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic subjects exposed to rhinovirus","volume":"127","author":"Cakebread","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2235OC","article-title":"The effect of inhaled IFN-\u03b2 on worsening of asthma symptoms caused by viral infections a randomized trial","volume":"190","author":"Djukanovi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"4369","article-title":"Effect of inhaled SNG001 (interferon-beta 1a) on sputum and blood antiviral biomarkers following a respiratory virus infection in asthmatic subjects","volume":"42","author":"Boxall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"A6165","article-title":"On-demand inhaled interferon-beta 1a for the prevention of severa asthma exacerbations: results of the INEXAS phase 2a study","volume":"197","author":"McCrae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0306OC","article-title":"Impaired antiviral stress granule and IFN-\u03b2 enhanceosome formation enhances susceptibility to influenza infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease epithelium","volume":"55","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0833OC","article-title":"Experimental rhinovirus infection as a human model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation","volume":"183","author":"Mallia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B67","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109802","article-title":"Use of hydroxychloroquine and interferon alpha-2b for the prophylaxis of COVID-19","volume":"144","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"B69","first-page":"20061473","article-title":"An experimental trial of recombinant human interferon alpha nasal drops to prevent COVID-19 in medical staff in an epidemic area","volume-title":"medRxiv.","author":"Meng","year":"2020"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor ace2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues","volume":"181","author":"Ziegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18781-2","article-title":"Type 2 and interferon inflammation strongly regulate SARS-CoV-2 related gene expression in the airway epithelium","volume":"11","author":"Sajuthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.37757\/MR2021.V23.N2.1","article-title":"An experience with cuban biotech's nasalferon to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections in international travelers and their contacts [Letter]","volume":"23","author":"Ca\u00f1ete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicc Rev."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4","article-title":"Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir\u2013ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial","volume":"395","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30566-X","article-title":"Peginterferon lambda for the treatment of outpatients with COVID-19: a phase 2, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"9","author":"Feld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22177-1","article-title":"Peginterferon Lambda-1a for treatment of outpatients with uncomplicated COVID-19: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01061","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01061-20","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of interferon \u03b2-1a in treatment of severe COVID-19","volume":"64","author":"Davoudi-Monfared","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106903","article-title":"Interferon \u03b2-1b in treatment of severe COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"88","author":"Rahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8059","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86859-y","article-title":"Role of interferon therapy in severe COVID-19: the COVIFERON randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Alavi Darazam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.03.015","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon alfa-2b in moderate COVID-19: A phase II, randomized, controlled, open-label study","volume":"105","author":"Pandit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023184","article-title":"Repurposed antiviral drugs for covid-19 - interim WHO solidarity trial results. WHO solidarity trial consortium","volume":"384","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1890329","article-title":"Effect of a genetically engineered interferon-alpha versus traditional interferon-alpha in the treatment of moderate-to-severe COVID-19: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01061","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b12b treatment for COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2000211","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b12b spray inhalation did not shorten virus shedding time of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients: a preliminary matched case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30511-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"9","author":"Monk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Res Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.053","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 clearance in COVID-19 patients with novaferon treatment: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial","volume":"99","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf8396","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf8396","article-title":"COVID-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters","volume":"13","author":"Dias de Melo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.07.012","article-title":"High-resolution characterization of the human microbiome","volume":"179","author":"Noecker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17994","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807920105","article-title":"The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria","volume":"105","author":"Fierer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07540","article-title":"A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins","volume":"457","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity alters gut microbial ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312297","article-title":"Antibiotics as deep modulators of gut microbiota: between good and evil","volume":"65","author":"Ianiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104","article-title":"Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"104","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80702","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080702","article-title":"A modular organization of the human intestinal mucosal microbiota and its association with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.007","article-title":"Microbiota in allergy and asthma and the emerging relationship with the gut microbiome","volume":"17","author":"Fujimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14875","article-title":"The gastrointestinal microbiome: a review","volume":"32","author":"Barko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00150","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus on sinus culture is associated with recurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"8","author":"Maniakas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.035","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus impairs sinonasal epithelial repair: effects in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and control subjects","volume":"143","author":"Valera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"volume-title":"White Book on Allergy 2011-2012: Executive Summary","year":"2011","author":"Pawankar","key":"B99"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B101","first-page":"91","article-title":"Serum IgE levels in white and Metis communities in Saskatchewan","volume":"37","author":"Gerrard","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Allergy."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.2.8306030","article-title":"Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany","volume":"149","author":"Von Mutius","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06252-3","article-title":"Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"358","author":"Riedler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1999.00560.x","article-title":"The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children","volume":"29","author":"Bj\u00f6rkst\u00e9n","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb15178.x","article-title":"Intestinal microflora of Estonian and Swedish infants","volume":"86","author":"Sepp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12895","article-title":"Significant disparities in allergy prevalence and microbiota between the young people in Finnish and Russian Karelia","volume":"47","author":"Ruokolainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2014.28.4050","article-title":"Seasonal allergic rhinitis affects sinonasal microbiota","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21934","article-title":"Mapping and comparing bacterial microbiota in the sinonasal cavity of healthy, allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis subjects","volume":"7","author":"Lal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00934","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00934-17","article-title":"Dysbiosis of inferior turbinate microbiota is associated with high total ige levels in patients with allergic rhinitis","volume":"86","author":"Hyun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.02.036","article-title":"Endotypes and phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: a PRACTALL document of the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology and the American academy of allergy, asthma & immunology","volume":"131","author":"Akdis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200307000-00016","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis in Canadians","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2013.34.3675","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and cost","author":"Halawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.010","article-title":"Nasal challenge with allergen leads to maxillary sinus inflammation","volume":"121","author":"Baroody","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino50E2","article-title":"European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012","volume":"50","author":"Fokkens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rhinol Suppl."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599810395091","article-title":"Pathways analysis of molecular markers in chronic sinusitis with polyps","volume":"144","author":"Platt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-015-0540-2","article-title":"The etiology and pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of current hypotheses","volume":"15","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Allergy and Asthma Reports."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152656720911605","DOI":"10.1177\/2152656720911605","article-title":"The microbiome of the nose\u2014friend or foe?","volume":"11","author":"Dimitri-Pinheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13632","article-title":"Bacterial community collapse: a meta-analysis of the sinonasal microbiota in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"19","author":"Wagner Mackenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21871","article-title":"Evidence of microbiota dysbiosis in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"7","author":"Hoggard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0726-x","article-title":"Therapy of sinonasal microbiome in CRS: a critical approach","volume":"17","author":"Psaltis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Allergy and Asthma Reports."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12374","article-title":"Decreased diversity of nasal microbiota and their secreted extracellular vesicles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis based on a metagenomic analysis","volume":"69","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205037","article-title":"Duodenal infusion of feces for recurrent clostridium difficile","volume":"368","author":"van Nood","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13875","article-title":"Oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing clostridium difficile infection","volume":"312","author":"Youngster","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2019.009","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: an update on clinical practice","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endosc."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document: the international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1109753","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: impact on the gut immune system and allergic reactions","volume":"89","author":"Gourbeyre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic mechanisms of action","volume":"61","author":"Bermudez-Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030513","article-title":"A role of exopolysaccharide produced by streptococcus thermophilus in the intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier in caco-2 monolayer and dextran sulphate sodium-induced experimental murine colitis","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-316","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum MB452 enhances the function of the intestinal barrier by increasing the expression levels of genes involved in tight junction formation","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29689-9","article-title":"The probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 prevents papain-induced respiratory barrier injury and severe allergic inflammation in mice","volume":"8","author":"Secher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2174\/1875044301205010055","article-title":"Enhancement of epithelial barrier function by probiotics","volume":"5","author":"Madsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Epithel Biol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000604","article-title":"Current advances on the microbiome and role of probiotics in upper airways disease","volume":"20","author":"Yamanishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4354","article-title":"Do probiotics have a role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"G\u00fcven\u00e7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02671.x","article-title":"Perinatal maternal application of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG suppresses allergic airway inflammation in mouse offspring","volume":"37","author":"Bl\u00fcmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-7-20","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation on cow's milk allergy in a mouse model","volume":"7","author":"Thang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.608","article-title":"Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Kalliom\u00e4ki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.009","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Kukkonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12895-015-0030-1","article-title":"Perinatal probiotic supplementation in the prevention of allergy related disease: 6 year follow up of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13502","article-title":"Intranasal administration of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents birch pollen-induced allergic asthma in a murine model","volume":"74","author":"Spacova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00528-0","article-title":"Mucosal co-application of lactic acid bacteria and allergen induces counter-regulatory immune responses in a murine model of birch pollen allergy","volume":"22","author":"Repa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01071.x","article-title":"Modulation of allergic immune responses by mucosal application of recombinant lactic acid bacteria producing the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1","volume":"61","author":"Daniel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000210377","article-title":"Allergy therapy by intranasal administration with recombinant Lactococcus lactis producing bovine \u03b2-lactoglobulin","volume":"150","author":"Cortes-Perez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00299-06","article-title":"Intranasal coadministration of live lactococci producing interleukin-12 and a major cow's milk allergen inhibits allergic reaction in mice","volume":"14","author":"Cortes-Perez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151ra124","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003783","article-title":"Sinus microbiome diversity depletion and Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum enrichment mediates rhinosinusitis","volume":"4","author":"Abreu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008072","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008072","article-title":"Lung transcriptional unresponsiveness and loss of early influenza virus control in infected neonates is prevented by intranasal Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"150","author":"Kumova","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025880","article-title":"Intranasal application of S. epidermidis prevents colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in mice","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(01)00581-X","article-title":"A nasal spray with alpha-haemolytic streptococci as long term prophylaxis against recurrent otitis media","volume":"62","author":"Tano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2454-2","article-title":"Colonization, safety, and tolerability study of the Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc nasal spray for its application in upper respiratory tract infections","volume":"34","author":"Santagati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.137414","article-title":"Spray bacteriotherapy decreases middle ear fluid in children with secretory otitis media","volume":"94","author":"Skovbjerg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9488-6","article-title":"Putative microbial population shifts attributable to nasal administration of streptococcus salivarius 24smbc and Streptococcus oralis 89a","volume":"11","author":"De Grandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21762","article-title":"Effects of a honeybee lactic acid bacterial microbiome on human nasal symptoms, commensals, and biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"M\u00e5rtensson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.93","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of a topical lactic acid bacterial microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"M\u00e5rtensson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107674","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3422481","article-title":"Lactobacilli have a niche in the human nose","volume":"31","author":"De Boeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00440","article-title":"Intranasal application of Lactococcus lactis W136 is safe in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with previous sinus surgery","volume":"10","author":"Endam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1239668","article-title":"Current prospects and future challenges for nasal vaccine delivery","volume":"13","author":"Yusuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p. 279","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-39981-4.00015-4","article-title":"Nasal vaccine delivery","volume-title":"Micro and Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development","author":"Ramvikas","year":"2017"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/02652040400015403","article-title":"Nasal delivery of insulin using chitosan microspheres","volume":"21","author":"Varshosaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Microencapsul."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.4.881","article-title":"Efficacy of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in schoolchildren and their unvaccinated contacts in Novgorod, Russia","volume":"168","author":"Rudenko","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001527","article-title":"Assessing optimal target populations for influenza vaccination programmes: an evidence synthesis and modelling study","volume":"10","author":"Baguelin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-312165","article-title":"Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV): recent effectiveness results from the USA and implications for LAIV programmes elsewhere","volume":"103","author":"Pebody","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz719","article-title":"Viral shedding in recipients of live attenuated influenza vaccine in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 influenza seasons in the United Kingdom","volume":"70","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.11.73","article-title":"Protective efficacy of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (multivalent, Ann Arbor strain): a literature review addressing interference","volume":"10","author":"Bandell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"B163","unstructured":"CravenJ COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker2021"},{"key":"B164","unstructured":"GaleJ Dual Flu-Covid Nasal Spray Vaccine to Start Trial in Hong Kong2020"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.11.171","article-title":"Novel routes for allergen immunotherapy: safety, efficacy and mode of action","volume":"4","author":"Moingeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunotherapy."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2018.03.002","article-title":"Molecular aspects of allergens and allergy","volume":"138","author":"Valenta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Immunol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(81)90120-2","article-title":"Local intranasal immunotherapy for ragweed allergic rhinitis I. Clinical response","volume":"68","author":"Nickelsen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(83)90549-3","article-title":"Local intranasal immunotherapy for grass-allergic rhinitis","author":"Georgitis","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90211-W","article-title":"Local nasal immunotherapy for dermatophagoides-induced rhinitis: efficacy of a powder extract","volume":"91","author":"Andri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-2-3-117","article-title":"Local nasal specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis","volume":"2","author":"Passalacqua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1998.00265.x","article-title":"Decrease of allergen-specific T-cell response induced by local nasal immunotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Giannarini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.111145","article-title":"Role of kinins in seasonal allergic rhinitis: icatibant, a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, abolishes the hyperresponsiveness and nasal eosinophilia induced by antigen","volume":"107","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000023896","article-title":"Allergen-specific nasal challenge: response kinetics of clinical and inflammatory events to rechallenge","volume":"115","author":"Ciprandi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.1929.x","article-title":"Intranasal treatment with ovalbumin but not the major T cell epitope ovalbumin 323-339 generates interleukin-10 secreting T cells and results in the induction of allergen systemic tolerance","volume":"34","author":"Barbey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00394-8","article-title":"Suppression of allergen reactive Th2 mediated responses and pulmonary eosinophilia by intranasal administration of an immunodominant peptide is linked to IL-10 production","volume":"21","author":"Hall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02777.x","article-title":"Immunotherapy with oligomannose-coated liposomes ameliorates allergic symptoms in a murine food allergy model","volume":"67","author":"Kawakita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.11.017","article-title":"Intranasal live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is unlikely to cause egg-mediated allergic reactions in egg-allergic children","volume":"3","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.053","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA): achievements in 10 years and future needs","volume":"130","author":"Bousquet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000355630","article-title":"Effects of airborne birch pollen levelson clinical symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis","volume":"163","author":"Caillaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13210","article-title":"Poaceae pollen as the leading aeroallergen worldwide: a review","volume":"72","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mozo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1159\/000504297","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis to weed pollen in germany: dominance by plantain, rising prevalence, and polysensitization rates over 20 years","volume":"181","author":"Forkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-699X.2012.00298.x","article-title":"Quality of life in children and adolescents with respiratory allergy, assessed with a generic and disease-specific instrument","volume":"7","author":"Kiotseridis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Respir J."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13200","article-title":"Non-allergic rhinitis: position paper of the european academy of allergy and clinical immunology","volume":"72","author":"Hellings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020315","article-title":"ELISA-Based assay for studying major and minor group rhinovirus-receptor interactions","volume":"8","author":"Pazderova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"key":"B185","first-page":"97","article-title":"An update on the pathophysiology of rhinovirus upper respiratory tract infections","volume":"37","author":"van Kempen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rhinology."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12627","article-title":"Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"70","author":"Contoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102734","article-title":"M1-like macrophages are potent producers of anti-viral interferons and M1-associated marker-positive lung macrophages are decreased during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations","volume":"54","author":"Nikonova","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1159\/000430441","article-title":"Infection with rhinovirus facilitates allergen penetration across a respiratory epithelial cell layer","volume":"166","author":"Gangl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003520","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003520","article-title":"An anti-human ICAM-1 antibody inhibits rhinovirus-induced exacerbations of lung inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Traub","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1934","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Larch\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13138","article-title":"Biomarkers for monitoring clinical efficacy of allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic asthma: an EAACI Position Paper","volume":"72","author":"Shamji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.04.003","article-title":"Allergen-specific nasal IgG antibodies induced by vaccination with genetically modified allergens are associated with reduced nasal allergen sensitivity","volume":"116","author":"Reisinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.01.006","article-title":"Antibody conjugates bi-specific for ICAM1 and allergen prevent migration of allergens through respiratory epithelial cell layers","volume":"136","author":"Madritsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1138323","article-title":"Weiterer beitrag zur ursache und spezifischen heilung des heufiebers","volume":"29","author":"Dunbar","year":"1903","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.62.6.733","article-title":"Serological evidence of immunity with coexisting sensitization in a type of human allergy (hay fever)","volume":"62","author":"Cooke","year":"1935","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.38.1.25","article-title":"Immunological studies of pollinosis. I. The presence of two antibodies related to the same pollen antigen in the serum of treated hay fever patients","volume":"38","author":"Loveless","year":"1940","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.47.2.165","article-title":"Immunological studies of pollinosis. IV. The relationship between thermostable antibody in the circulation and clinical immunity","volume":"47","author":"Loveless","year":"1943","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(76)90090-7","article-title":"Effect of ragweed hyperimmune human gamma globulin on invivo and in vitro parameters of ragweed sensitivity","volume":"57","author":"Rubinstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/256495a0","article-title":"Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity","volume":"256","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.9.5429","article-title":"Human-human hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies of predefined antigenic specificity","volume":"77","author":"Olsson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc Natl AcadSci USA."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/269420a0","article-title":"EB virus-induced B lymphocyte cell lines producing specific antibody","volume":"269","author":"Steinitz","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0895-779","article-title":"Human IgA monoclonal antibodies specific for a major ragweed pollen antigen","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biotechnology."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.2.956","article-title":"Human IgG monoclonal antibodies that modulate the binding of specific IgE to birch pollen Bet v 1","volume":"157","author":"Visco","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2531466","article-title":"Generation of a large combinatorial library of the immunoglobulin repertoire in phage lambda","volume":"246","author":"Huse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/348552a0","article-title":"Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains","volume":"348","author":"McCafferty","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/352624a0","article-title":"Making antibody fragments using phage display libraries","volume":"352","author":"Clackson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10967","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.18.10967","article-title":"Construction of a combinatorial IgE library from an allergic patient. Isolation and characterization of human IgEFabs with specificity for the major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 5","volume":"271","author":"Steinberger","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200208)32:8","article-title":"Conversion of grass pollen allergen-specific human IgE into a protective IgG1 antibody","volume":"32","author":"Flicker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0594-13","article-title":"Antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies from mice engineered with human Ig heavy and light chain YACs","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/368856a0","article-title":"Antigen-specific human antibodies from mice comprising four distinct genetic modifications","volume":"368","author":"Lonberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323896111","article-title":"Precise and in situ genetic humanization of 6 Mb of mouse immunoglobulin genes","volume":"111","author":"MacDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl AcadSci USA."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5153","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1324022111","article-title":"Mice with megabase humanization of theirimmunoglobulin genes generate antibodies asefficiently as normal mice","volume":"111","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl AcadSci USA."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03636-8","article-title":"Treating cat allergy with monoclonal IgG antibodies that bind allergen and prevent IgE engagement","volume":"9","author":"Orengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2003.01699.x","article-title":"Allergen-specific immunotherapy with a monophosphoryl lipid A-adjuvanted vaccine: reduced seasonally boosted immunoglobulin E production and inhibition of basophil histamine release by therapy-induced blocking antibodies","volume":"33","author":"Mothes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.5.2944","article-title":"Blocking antibodies induced by specific allergy vaccination prevent the activation of CD4+ T cells by inhibiting serum-IgE-facilitated allergen presentation","volume":"163","author":"van Neerven","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14677","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404735101","article-title":"Vaccination with genetically engineered allergens prevents progression of allergic disease","volume":"101","author":"Niederberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052916","article-title":"Immunotherapy with a ragweed-toll-like receptor 9 agonist vaccine for allergic rhinitis","volume":"355","author":"Creticos","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.04.015","article-title":"Recombinant allergy vaccines based on allergen-derived B cell epitopes","volume":"189","author":"Valenta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Lett."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.05.005","article-title":"Flexible IgE epitope-containing domains of Phl p 5 cause high allergenic activity","volume":"140","author":"G\u00f6bl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12423","article-title":"Multiple independent IgE epitopes on the highly allergenic grass pollen allergen Phl p 5","volume":"44","author":"Levin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70273-8","article-title":"Recombinant birch pollen allergens (rBet v 1 and rBet v 2) contain most of the IgE epitopes present in birch, alder, hornbeam, hazel, and oak pollen: a quantitative IgE inhibition study with sera from different populations","author":"Niederberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.01938.x","article-title":"Different allergenic activity of grass pollen allergens revealed by skin testing","volume":"38","author":"Westritschnig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.07.010","article-title":"Underestimation of house dust mite-specific IgE with extract-based ImmunoCAPs compared with molecular ImmunoCAPs","volume":"142","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100118","article-title":"The allergenic activity and clinical impact of individual IgE-antibody binding molecules from indoor allergen sources","volume":"13","author":"Caraballo","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.011","article-title":"Vaccination of nonallergic individuals with recombinant hypoallergenic fragments of birch pollen allergen Bet v 1: safety, effects, and mechanisms","volume":"143","author":"Campana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(94)90182-1","article-title":"Evidence of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells in acute rhinoconjunctivitis caused by pollen exposure","volume":"94","author":"Ciprandi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90198-O","article-title":"Allergic subjects express intercellular adhesion molecule - 1 (ICAM-1 or CD54) on epithelial cells of conjunctiva after allergen challenge","volume":"91","author":"Ciprandi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2014.05.011","article-title":"Engineered proteins with desired specificity: DARPins, other alternative scaffolds and bispecific IgGs","volume":"27","author":"Jost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Struct Biol."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.7.3849","article-title":"A human monoclonal IgE antibody defines a highly allergenic fragment of the major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 5: molecular, immunological, and structural characterization of the epitope-containing domain","volume":"165","author":"Flicker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B230","article-title":"Antibody conjugates bi-specific for allergens and ICAM1 prevent epithelial penetration of allergens and rhinovirus infection","author":"Weichwald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Meeting of the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Allergy"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/falgy.2021.668781\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T10:04:34Z","timestamp":1672653874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/falgy.2021.668781\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"references-count":230,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/falgy.2021.668781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/falgy.2021.668781","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6101"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-6101"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"article-number":"668781"}}