{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T12:51:58Z","timestamp":1783687918870,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Airway remodeling is an umbrella term for structural changes in the conducting airways that occur in chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The pathobiology of remodeling involves multiple mesenchymal and lymphoid cell types and finally leads to a variety of hardly reversible changes such as hyperplasia of goblet cells, thickening of the reticular basement membrane, deposition of collagen, peribronchial fibrosis, angiogenesis and hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle cells. In order to develop solutions for prevention or innovative therapies, these complex processes must be understood in detail which requires their deconstruction into individual building blocks. In the present manuscript we therefore focus on the role of the airway epithelium and introduce <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic> as a model. The simple architecture of the flies\u2019 airways as well as the lack of adaptive immunity allows to focus exclusively on the importance of the epithelium for the remodeling processes. We will review and discuss genetic and environmentally induced changes in epithelial structures and molecular responses and propose an integrated framework of research for the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.876673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T07:28:51Z","timestamp":1663226931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Airway remodeling: The Drosophila model permits a purely epithelial perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Birte","family":"Ehrhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"El-Merhie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Draginja","family":"Kovacevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Bossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Roeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Krauss-Etschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13598","article-title":"Airway hyperresponsiveness, remodeling and inflammation in infants with wheeze","volume":"50","author":"Malmstrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200702-212OC","article-title":"Early detection of airway wall remodeling and eosinophilic inflammation in preschool wheezers","volume":"176","author":"Saglani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.030262","article-title":"Epithelial stress and structural remodelling in childhood asthma","volume":"60","author":"Fedorov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0011RT","article-title":"Innate immunity in the respiratory epithelium","volume":"45","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.04.005","article-title":"Phenotypic and genetic aspects of epithelial barrier function in asthmatic patients","volume":"139","author":"Loxham","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.08.033","article-title":"Regional differences in airway epithelial cells reveal tradeoff between defense against oxidative stress and defense against rhinovirus","volume":"24","author":"Mihaylova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"64","article-title":"Nasal cilia in normal man, primary ciliary dyskinesia and other respiratory diseases: analysis of motility and ultrastructure","volume":"127","author":"Rossman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis Suppl"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2236","article-title":"Regulation of immunological homeostasis in the respiratory tract","volume":"8","author":"Holt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72094","article-title":"Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate human upper respiratory innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0332OC","article-title":"Transdifferentiation of ciliated cells during repair of the respiratory epithelium","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0304OC","article-title":"Goblet cells are derived from a Foxj1-expressing progenitor in a human airway epithelium","volume":"44","author":"Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1966.93.3P2.1","article-title":"The ciliated cell. 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