{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T17:24:12Z","timestamp":1775928252846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DC019678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DC019678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retronasal olfaction (RNO) refers to the perception of odorants inhaled through the mouth and carried through the nasopharynx to olfactory receptors within the olfactory cleft, enabling the perception of flavor. Although orthonasal olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been widely described, the impact of CRS on RNO is less clear. In this study, we systematically review available literature to provide an update on RNO in the setting of CRS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We systematically searched PubMed, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies examining RNO in patients with documented CRS. The primary outcome of interest was objective psychophysical measurement of olfaction, including characterization of RNO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 404 unique references that underwent title and abstract review by two independent reviewers, with 52 articles undergoing full-text review, where 10 relevant studies underwent data extraction. Although outcome measures varied, all included studies demonstrated diminished RNO in patients with CRS. Of six studies evaluating the relationship between retronasal and orthonasal olfactory test scores in CRS patients two out of six (33%) demonstrated a correlation between both forms of olfaction and CRS, and two out of six studies (33%) found significantly lower orthonasal olfactory test scores compared to retronasal olfactory test scores. Two of three found significant improvement in RNO with treatment of underlying CRS. Of three studies examining patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in CRS, two found significant associations between retronasal olfactory test scores and PROMs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the current literature, CRS patients appear to have diminished RNO, which may be associated with orthonasal olfactory dysfunction and decreased quality of life in this population. Higher level of evidence studies are required to further elucidate these relationships and the impact of medical and surgical CRS management on RNO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.969368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T04:49:08Z","timestamp":1661921348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Beyond aroma: A scoping review on the impact of chronic rhinosinusitis on retronasal olfaction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Joel","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilan C.","family":"Palte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Vilarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Lucas G.","family":"Axiotakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia T.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Gudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Overdevest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200890100","article-title":"Retronasal perception of odors","volume":"5","author":"Hummel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.07.022","article-title":"Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal versus retronasal odorant perception in humans","volume":"47","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjz027","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with olfactory loss is better predicted by flavor identification than by orthonasal olfactory function","volume":"44","author":"Oleszkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198402000-00004","article-title":"University of pennsylvania smell identification test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic","volume":"94","author":"Doty","year":"1984","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39","article-title":"\u201cSniffin\u201d sticks\u2019. 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