{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:48:06Z","timestamp":1793134086960,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a clinically heterogeneous, mast cell\u2013driven inflammatory disease in which disease expression, treatment response, and resistance are determined by distinct but overlapping immunopathogenic mechanisms. Growing evidence supports the existence of two principal molecular endotypes: type I (autoallergic) CSU, mediated by autoreactive IgE antibodies against self-antigens such as thyroid peroxidase and interleukin-24, and type IIb (autoimmune) CSU, characterized by IgG (and less frequently IgA or IgM) autoantibodies directed against IgE or its high-affinity receptor Fc\u03b5RI. These endotypes differ substantially in biomarker profiles, clinical severity, and therapeutic responsiveness. Patients with type I CSU typically exhibit elevated total IgE levels, allergic comorbidities, and rapid, robust responses to omalizumab, whereas those with type IIb CSU more often present with low IgE, positive autologous serum skin test or basophil activation assays, thyroid autoantibodies, eosinopenia, basopenia, and delayed or insufficient responses to anti-IgE therapy. Importantly, accumulating data indicate that strict dichotomous classification is insufficient, as many patients display concurrent IgE- and IgG-mediated autoreactivity, supporting the concept of an immunological continuum summarized under the broader framework of \u201cautoreactivity.\u201d Beyond immunoglobulin-driven mechanisms, eosinophils, basophils, complement activation, and coagulation pathways critically contribute to disease amplification and treatment refractoriness. Biomarkers such as total IgE, anti-thyroid antibodies, eosinophil and basophil counts, C-reactive protein, and functional assays including ASST and BAT enable pragmatic endotype stratification and prediction of therapeutic outcomes. Integrating molecular endotypes with clinical phenotypes provides a rational basis for personalized management, allowing earlier identification of likely non-responders, optimization of omalizumab dosing, and timely consideration of alternative or emerging targeted therapies. This evolving endotype-guided approach represents a key step toward precision medicine in CSU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2025.1706705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:15:56Z","timestamp":1768281356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Clinical and molecular aspects of managing chronic spontaneous urticaria: identifying endotypes, phenotypes, and determinants of treatment response and resistance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"Su K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Burak","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15090","article-title":"The international EAACI\/GA2LEN\/EuroGuiDerm\/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria","volume":"77","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2024.10.026","article-title":"Endotypes, phenotypes, and biomarkers in chronic spontaneous urticaria: evolving toward personalized medicine","volume":"134","author":"Lang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14412","article-title":"Igm and IgA in addition to IgG autoantibodies against Fc\u025bRI\u03b1 are frequent and associated with disease markers of chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"75","author":"Altrichter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00389-z","article-title":"Urticaria","volume":"8","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000927","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: new evidences on the role of autoimmunity","volume":"23","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.02.022","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: the role and relevance of autoreactivity, autoimmunity, and autoallergy","volume":"11","author":"Asero","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.02.036","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update","volume":"133","author":"Bernstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20892","article-title":"British association of dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with chronic urticaria 2021","volume":"186","author":"Sabroe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.09.038","article-title":"Existing and investigational medications for refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria: safety, adverse effects, and monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Kocaturk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2022.03.003","article-title":"Omalizumab versus cyclosporin-A for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria: can we define better-responding endotypes?","volume":"97","author":"Kocat\u00fcrk","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.04.010","article-title":"Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"149","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70204-6","article-title":"Ige antithyroid microsomal antibodies in a patient with chronic urticaria","volume":"103","author":"Bar-Sela","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014794","article-title":"Ige mediated autoallergy against thyroid peroxidase\u2013a novel pathomechanism of chronic spontaneous urticaria?","volume":"6","author":"Altrichter","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.04.004","article-title":"Endotypes of chronic spontaneous urticaria and angioedema","volume":"156","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.04.038","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in patients with chronic urticaria who exhibit IgE against thyroperoxidase","volume":"128","author":"Maurer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2021.13.4.545","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases are linked to type IIb autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"13","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13949","article-title":"Biomarkers and clinical characteristics of autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria: results of the PURIST study","volume":"74","author":"Schoepke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742470","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.742470","article-title":"What basophil testing tells us about CSU patients\u2013results of the CORSA study","volume":"12","author":"Marcelino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13428","article-title":"Co-occurrence of IgE and IgG autoantibodies in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"200","author":"Asero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15119","article-title":"Identification of chronic urticaria subtypes using machine learning algorithms","volume":"77","author":"T\u00fcrk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.10.035","article-title":"IL-24 is a common and specific autoantigen of IgE in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"142","author":"Schmetzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15907","article-title":"EAACI task force report: a consensus protocol for the basophil activation test for collaboration and external quality assurance","volume":"79","author":"Pascal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.03.005","article-title":"The role of eosinophils in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"145","author":"Altrichter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.08.025","article-title":"Eosinopenia, in chronic spontaneous urticaria, is associated with high disease activity, autoimmunity, and poor response to treatment","volume":"8","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.08.022","article-title":"Concise update on the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU)","volume":"150","author":"Hide","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-015-0074-7","article-title":"Immunological events in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"5","author":"Ferrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2003.01589.x","article-title":"Blood basophil numbers in chronic ordinary urticaria and healthy controls: diurnal variation, influence of loratadine and prednisolone and relationship to disease activity","volume":"33","author":"Grattan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb02986.x","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of basophil numbers in chronic urticaria: basopenia is related to serum histamine releasing activity","volume":"27","author":"Grattan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10320","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210320","article-title":"Basophil characteristics as a marker of the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria in relation to the coagulation and complement systems","volume":"24","author":"Yanase","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994823","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.994823","article-title":"Basophils activation of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria in response to C5a despite failure to respond to IgE-mediated stimuli","volume":"13","author":"Matsubara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.08.018","article-title":"Coagulation factors induce human skin mast cell and basophil degranulation via activation of complement 5 and the C5a receptor","volume":"147","author":"Yanase","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026304","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1026304","article-title":"Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor MRGPRX2 in human basophils: expression and functional studies","volume":"13","author":"Toscano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-017-0141-3","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of antihistamines up to fourfold or higher in treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"7","author":"Van den Elzen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.04.013","article-title":"Chronic spontaneous urticaria: the devil\u2019s itch","volume":"6","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.004","article-title":"Altered expression of chemoattractant receptor\u2013homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells on blood basophils and eosinophils in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"137","author":"Oliver","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000496162","article-title":"Effects of an oral CRTh2 antagonist (AZD1981) on eosinophil activity and symptoms in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"179","author":"Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12348","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide and vascular endothelial growth factor are expressed in lesional but not uninvolved skin in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"44","author":"Kay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-025-02170-4","article-title":"Update on the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"85","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.033","article-title":"Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor \u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases","volume":"138","author":"Akdis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.08.014","article-title":"New treatments for chronic urticaria","volume":"124","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14768","article-title":"Updosing nonsedating antihistamines in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Guillen-Aguinaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2345731","article-title":"An update on the use of antihistamines in managing chronic urticaria","volume":"25","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15261","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibition\u2014an emerging therapeutic strategy in immune-mediated dermatological conditions","volume":"77","author":"Mendes-Bastos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13616","article-title":"Interleukin-17 is a potential player and treatment target in severe chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"50","author":"Sabag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.028","article-title":"Dupilumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (LIBERTY-CSU CUPID): two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"154","author":"Maurer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12124","article-title":"Serum concentration of IL-17, IL-23 and TNF-\u03b1 among patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: association with disease activity and autologous serum skin test","volume":"28","author":"Atwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00852-3","article-title":"Chronic urticaria: unmet needs, emerging drugs, and new perspectives on personalised treatment","volume":"404","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2024.10.006","article-title":"Positive efficacy and favorable safety of barzolvolimab in chronic inducible urticaria: phase II trial results","volume":"133","author":"Maurer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.007","article-title":"Increased IgE levels are linked to faster relapse in patients with omalizumab-discontinued chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"140","author":"Ertas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13345","article-title":"The clinical response to omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients is linked to and predicted by IgE levels and their change","volume":"73","author":"Ertas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2021.13.2.206","article-title":"Total IgE as a marker for chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"13","author":"Altrichter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1159\/000528395","article-title":"In chronic spontaneous urticaria, complete response to antihistamine treatment is linked to low disease activity","volume":"184","author":"T\u00fcrk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16243","article-title":"Disease modification in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"79","author":"Maurer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12991","article-title":"Elevations in vascular markers and eosinophils in chronic spontaneous urticarial weals with low-level persistence in uninvolved skin","volume":"171","author":"Kay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1962.tb02937.x","article-title":"Basophilic leucopenia in different forms of urticaria","volume":"17","author":"Rorsman","year":"1962","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2024.113679","article-title":"PD-BAT: a novel approach of pooling basophil donors for expansion of commercial laboratory testing of chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"529","author":"Wills","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12056","article-title":"EAACI taskforce position paper: evidence for autoimmune urticaria and proposal for defining diagnostic criteria","volume":"68","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12698","article-title":"The clinical utility of basophil activation testing in diagnosis and monitoring of allergic disease","volume":"70","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13352","article-title":"C-reactive protein is linked to disease activity, impact, and response to treatment in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"73","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12870","article-title":"Potential blood biomarkers in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"47","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14532","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14532","article-title":"Correlation of urticaria activity score in chronic spontaneous urticaria with serum C-reactive protein level and neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio","volume":"33","author":"Akca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13182","article-title":"Comorbidity of chronic spontaneous urticaria and autoimmune thyroid diseases: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2022.14.1.131","article-title":"Ige and IgG anti-thyroid autoantibodies in Chinese patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria and a literature review","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.07.043","article-title":"Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria detection with IgG anti-TPO and total IgE","volume":"9","author":"Kolkhir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4202145","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4202145","article-title":"Clinical characterization of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria according to anti-TPO IgE levels","volume":"2019","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.06.057","article-title":"Clinical control of CSU with antihistamines allows for tolerance of NSAID-exacerbated cutaneous disease","volume":"8","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.97647","article-title":"New biological treatment options in CSU","author":"Vadasz","year":"2021","journal-title":"IntechOpen"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14033","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies are common and linked to poor response to omalizumab treatment in patients with CSU","volume":"75","author":"Erta\u015f","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.337","article-title":"The autologous serum skin test predicts the response to anti-IgE treatment in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients: a prospective study","volume":"57","author":"Palladino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17131","article-title":"Autologous serum skin test reactions in chronic spontaneous urticaria differ from heterologous cell reactions","volume":"35","author":"Baumann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02132.x","article-title":"EAACI\/GA2LEN task force consensus report: the autologous serum skin test in urticaria","volume":"64","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12910","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of chronic spontaneous urticaria in pediatric patients","volume":"29","author":"Balp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13674","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13674","article-title":"A European survey of management approaches in chronic urticaria in children: EAACI pediatric urticaria taskforce","volume":"33","author":"Tsabouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Allergy"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/falgy.2025.1706705\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:15:57Z","timestamp":1768281357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/falgy.2025.1706705\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/falgy.2025.1706705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/falgy.2025.1706705","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"article-number":"1706705"}}