{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:38:31Z","timestamp":1777012711621,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hymenoptera stings are a major trigger of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, yet only a minority of exposed individuals develop systemic reactions, making accurate diagnosis essential but complex. This review synthesizes current evidence across clinical, serologic, cellular and molecular diagnostic modalities in Hymenoptera venom allergy. Clinical history and epidemiologic predictors\u2014such as occupation, cumulative sting exposure, reaction latency, comorbidities and quality-of-life impairment, provide crucial context but lack sufficient predictive power when used alone. Skin prick and intradermal testing remain first-line tools due to high sensitivity, although interpretation is limited by interspecies cross-reactivity, extract variability and reduced reliability shortly after a sting. Serum IgE and component-resolved diagnostics improve species identification but are influenced by cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants and cannot reliably predict reaction severity or venom-immunotherapy outcomes. Basal and acute tryptase measurements contribute significantly to risk stratification and detection of clonal mast-cell disorders, though normal values do not exclude severe reactions. Functional assays, including basophil activation testing, histamine-release assays and emerging mast-cell activation platforms, provide dynamic confirmation of effector-cell reactivity in diagnostically challenging cases. Controlled sting challenge remains the reference method for confirming clinical reactivity or protection but is reserved for selected high-risk patients due to inherent procedural risks. Novel biomarkers such as osteopontin, KIT mutations, PGD\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    metabolites, regulatory T-cell signatures and multi-omic molecular profiles offer promising avenues for future refinement. Overall, evidence supports a multimodal, individualized diagnostic strategy integrating clinical context with complementary laboratory and functional tests.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2026.1757776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:43:24Z","timestamp":1777009404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostics and monitoring in Hymenoptera venom allergy: current and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Weronika","family":"Wili\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok","place":["Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok","place":["Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Starosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok","place":["Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Grubczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok","place":["Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2021.106200","article-title":"Current practices in diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy in Poland","volume":"38","author":"Cichocka-Jarosz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w14272","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2016.14272","article-title":"Climate data, localisation of the sting, grade of anaphylaxis and therapy of hymenoptera stings","volume":"146","author":"Braun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.5604\/1232-1966.1108594","article-title":"Impact of Hymenoptera venom allergy and the effects of specific venom immunotherapy on mast cell metabolites in sensitized children","volume":"21","author":"Cichocka-Jarosz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00077","article-title":"Hymenoptera allergens: from venom to \u201cvenome\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Spillner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"100","article-title":"Bee venom allergy in beekeepers allergy to bee venom in beekeepers in Germany","volume":"18","author":"M\u00fcnstedt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2018.75607","article-title":"Analysis of Hymenoptera venom allergy in own material. 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