{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:00:04Z","timestamp":1783998004702,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Anim. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on health in humans is well-recognized. It is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality worldwide, and it is associated with deficits in metabolism and muscle growth that increase lifelong risk for hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. Comparatively, the barrier that IUGR imposes on livestock production is less recognized by the industry. Meat animals born with low birthweight due to IUGR are beset with greater early death loss, inefficient growth, and reduced carcass merit. These animals exhibit poor feed-to-gain ratios, less lean mass, and greater fat deposition, which increase production costs and decrease value. Ultimately, this reduces the amount of meat produced by each animal and threatens the economic sustainability of livestock industries. Intrauterine growth restriction is most commonly the result of fetal programming responses to placental insufficiency, but the exact mechanisms by which this occurs are not well-understood. In uncompromised pregnancies, inflammatory cytokines are produced at modest rates by placental and fetal tissues and play an important role in fetal development. However, unfavorable intrauterine conditions can cause cytokine activity to be excessive during critical windows of fetal development. Our recent evidence indicates that this impacts developmental programming of muscle growth and metabolism and contributes to the IUGR phenotype. In this review, we outline the role of inflammatory cytokine activity in the development of normal and IUGR phenotypes. We also highlight the contributions of sheep and other animal models in identifying mechanisms for IUGR pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.761421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T06:23:27Z","timestamp":1636007007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Going Up Inflame: Reviewing the Underexplored Role of Inflammatory Programming in Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restricted Livestock"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Zena M.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin T.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00519.x","article-title":"Actions of hypoxia on catecholamine synthetic enzyme mRNA expression before and after development of adrenal innervation in the sheep fetus","volume":"529","author":"Adams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269853","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/269853","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children","volume":"2011","author":"Alisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.201901_28(S1).0002","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) as determinant and environment as modulator of infant mortality and morbidity: the Tanjungsari Cohort Study in Indonesia","volume":"28","author":"Alisjahbana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041380213","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor I, and fibroblast growth factor","volume":"138","author":"Allen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1985.6061571x","article-title":"Effect of insulin and linoleic acid on satellite cell differentiation","volume":"60","author":"Allen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1979.491115x","article-title":"Cellular aspects of muscle growth - myogenic cell-proliferation","volume":"49","author":"Allen","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092005","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 modulation of proliferated and committed myoblasts: IL-6 and COX-2-derived prostaglandins as key actors in the mechanisms involved","volume":"9","author":"Alvarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211116","article-title":"Increased morbidity in severe early intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"24","author":"Aucott","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz271","article-title":"Hypertrophic muscle growth and metabolic efficiency were impaired by chronic heat stress, improved by zilpaterol supplementation, and not affected by ractopamine supplementation in feedlot lambs","volume":"97","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E769","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1988.255.6.E769","article-title":"Rates and tissue sites of non-insulin- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake in humans","author":"Baron","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. 255"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfz018","article-title":"Real supermodels wear wool: summarizing the impact of the pregnant sheep as an animal model for adaptive fetal programming","volume":"9","author":"Beede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab166","article-title":"Placental insufficiency improves in intrauterine growth-restricted fetal sheep receiving daily \u03c9-3 fatty acid infusions","volume":"5","author":"Beer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-0893","article-title":"Effect of litter size and birth weight on growth, carcass and pork quality, and their relationship to postmortem proteolysis","volume":"86","author":"B\u00e9rard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90831.2008","article-title":"Skeletal muscle growth in young rats is inhibited by chronic exposure to IL-6 but preserved by concurrent voluntary endurance exercise","volume":"106","author":"Bodell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R63","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0076","article-title":"The impact of IUGR on pancreatic islet development and beta-cell function","volume":"235","author":"Boehmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(84)90214-7","article-title":"Is phosphofructokinase the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?","volume":"9","author":"Bosc\u00e1","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1669556","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: the controversial role of perinatal adipocytokines in the prediction of metabolic adult disease","volume":"34","author":"Briana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0567","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of fetal skeletal muscle growth: impact on future metabolic health","volume":"221","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1328","article-title":"Chronically increased amino acids improve insulin secretion, pancreatic vascularity, and islet size in growth-restricted fetal sheep","volume":"157","author":"Brown","year":"","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R920","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00197.2015","article-title":"Limited capacity for glucose oxidation in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"309","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E352","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00059.2012","article-title":"Acute supplementation of amino acids increases net protein accretion in IUGR fetal sheep","volume":"303","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1744","article-title":"Chronic hyperinsulinemia increases myoblast proliferation in fetal sheep skeletal muscle","volume":"157","author":"Brown","year":"","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E616","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00150.2004","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism: effect of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"287","author":"Bruce","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.577","article-title":"Pathophysiology of placental-derived fetal growth restriction","volume":"218","author":"Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B25","author":"Cadaret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maternofetal Stress Impairs Skeletal Muscle Growth and Glucose Metabolism in the IUGR-Born Neonatal Lamb; The Effects of Varying the Cognitive Processes Required by Retrieval Practice on the Retention of Knowledge"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.03.014","article-title":"Acute exposure of primary rat soleus muscle to zilpaterol HCl (\u03b22 adrenergic agonist), TNF\u03b1, or IL-6 in culture increases glucose oxidation rates independent of the impact on insulin signaling or glucose uptake","volume":"96","author":"Cadaret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz321","article-title":"Sustained maternal inflammation during the early third-trimester yields intrauterine growth restriction, impaired skeletal muscle glucose metabolism, and diminished beta-cell function in fetal sheep","volume":"97","author":"Cadaret","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz037","article-title":"Maternal inflammation at midgestation impairs subsequent fetal myoblast function and skeletal muscle growth in rats, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction at term","volume":"3","author":"Cadaret","year":"","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz060","article-title":"Intermittent maternofetal O2 supplementation during late gestation rescues placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction and metabolic pathologies in the neonatal lamb","volume":"3","author":"Cadaret","year":"","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"157","article-title":"Islet inflammation and hyperplasia induced by the pancreatic islet-specific overexpression of interleukin-6 in transgenic mice","volume":"145","author":"Campbell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"169","article-title":"Effect of chronic excess of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on contractile proteins in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"103","author":"Cheema","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytobios"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0445","article-title":"Islet adaptations in fetal sheep persist following chronic exposure to high norepinephrine","volume":"232","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv072","article-title":"Low-protein diet-induced fetal growth restriction leads to exaggerated proliferative response to vascular injury in postnatal life","volume":"29","author":"Chisaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab242","article-title":"Melatonin alters bovine uterine artery hemodynamics, vaginal temperatures and fetal morphometrics during late gestational nutrient restriction in a season-dependent manner","volume":"99","author":"Contreras-Correa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.05.016","article-title":"Aberrant maternal inflammation as a cause of pregnancy complications: a potential therapeutic target?","volume":"36","author":"Cotechini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62987-2","article-title":"Beta-cell-specific ablation of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor results in reduced islet size, impaired insulin secretion, and glucose intolerance","volume":"167","author":"Dai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.01.001","article-title":"IUGR: genetic influences, metabolic problems, environmental associations\/triggers, current and future management","volume":"33","author":"Darendeliler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R255","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00365.2019","article-title":"Chronically elevated norepinephrine concentrations lower glucose uptake in fetal sheep","volume":"319","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-21-0071","article-title":"Augmented glucose production is not contingent on high catecholamines in fetal sheep with IUGR","volume":"249","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32831cef9f","article-title":"Regulation of muscle growth in neonates","volume":"12","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050902874105","article-title":"Early undernutrition attenuates the inflammatory response in adult rat offspring","volume":"22","author":"Desai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2006.0047","article-title":"Interleukin-18, a proinflammatory cytokine","volume":"11","author":"Dinarello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115001974","article-title":"Invited review: improving neonatal survival in small ruminants: science into practice","volume":"10","author":"Dwyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2005.01502.x","article-title":"The role of adipokines as regulators of skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity","volume":"186","author":"Dyck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. (Oxf)."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.05.002","article-title":"Adaptive responses to maternal nutrient restriction alter placental transport in ewes","volume":"96","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.11.022","article-title":"Effect of melatonin or maternal nutrient restriction on vascularity and cell proliferation in the ovine placenta","volume":"153","author":"Eifert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00510-w","article-title":"Neonatal lamb mortality: major risk factors and the potential ameliorative role of melatonin","volume":"11","author":"Flinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(03)00179-9","article-title":"Placental insufficiency and its consequences","volume":"110","author":"Gagnon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e31824c853c","article-title":"Atorvastatin attenuates TNF-\u03b1-induced increase of glucose oxidation through PGC-1\u03b1 upregulation in cardiomyocytes","volume":"59","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa097","article-title":"Deficits in growth, muscle mass, and body composition following placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction persisted in lambs at 60 d of age but were improved by daily clenbuterol supplementation","volume":"4","author":"Gibbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab187","article-title":"Deficits in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and whole-body oxidative metabolism in the IUGR juvenile lamb are improved by daily treatment with clenbuterol","volume":"5","author":"Gibbs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"183","article-title":"Consequences of nutrition and growth retardation early in life for growth and composition of cattle and eating quality of beef","volume":"15","author":"Greenwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Anim. Nutr. Austr."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"195","article-title":"Consequences of intra-uterine growth retardation for postnatal growth, metabolism and pathophysiology","volume":"61","author":"Greenwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Suppl."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.02.008","article-title":"Developmental programming and growth of livestock tissues for meat production","volume":"35","author":"Greenwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173110700050X","article-title":"Prenatal and pre-weaning growth and nutrition of cattle: long-term consequences for beef production","volume":"1","author":"Greenwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.78150x","article-title":"Effects of birth weight and postnatal nutrition on neonatal sheep: II. Skeletal muscle growth and development","volume":"78","author":"Greenwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110364061","article-title":"Brain injury caused by chronic fetal hypoxemia is mediated by inflammatory cascade activation","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01026.2004","article-title":"IL-6-induced skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"98","author":"Haddad","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis","volume":"35","author":"Hales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6809.1019","article-title":"Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64","volume":"303","author":"Hales","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.12.012","article-title":"Increased expression of IL-18 in the serum and islets of type 1 diabetics","volume":"64","author":"Harms","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0030-z","article-title":"LPS-induced maternal inflammation promotes fetal leukocyte recruitment and prenatal organ infiltration in mice","volume":"84","author":"Hudalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1271","article-title":"Early differential defects of insulin secretion and action in 19-year-old caucasian men who had low birth weight","volume":"51","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0173-5","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal programming of postnatal growth and feed efficiency in swine","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1485-6","article-title":"Endothelial cell signalling supports pancreatic beta cell function in the rat","volume":"52","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2018.8","article-title":"Targeting the IL-6\/JAK\/STAT3 signalling axis in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1901","article-title":"RNA sequencing exposes adaptive and immune responses to intrauterine growth restriction in fetal sheep islets","volume":"158","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00574","article-title":"Preterm birth, intrauterine infection, and fetal inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Kemp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.12.009","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: postnatal monitoring and outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Kesavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.80112872x","article-title":"Fiber-type composition of muscles of the beef chuck and round","volume":"80","author":"Kirchofer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189301","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189301","article-title":"Skeletal muscle IL-6 regulates muscle substrate utilization and adipose tissue metabolism during recovery from an acute bout of exercise","volume":"12","author":"Knudsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.851186","article-title":"Assessment of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and interleukin-18 count in the serum of IUGR newborns","volume":"27","author":"Krajewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.018","article-title":"Impaired insulin signaling in endothelial cells reduces insulin-induced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle","volume":"13","author":"Kubota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab168","article-title":"Decreased fetal biometrics and impaired \u03b2 cell function in IUGR fetal sheep are improved by daily \u03c9-3 PUFA infusion","volume":"5","author":"Lacey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.116686","article-title":"Fetal umbilical cord oxygen values and birth to placental weight ratio in relation to size at birth","volume":"185","author":"Lackman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E336","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00366.2001","article-title":"TNF-alpha impairs heart and skeletal muscle protein synthesis by altering translation initiation","volume":"282","author":"Lang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R454","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00407.2011","article-title":"Melatonin supplementation alters uteroplacental hemodynamics and fetal development in an ovine model of intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"302","author":"Lemley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C706","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00626.2008","article-title":"Interleukin-1 stimulates catabolism in C2C12 myotubes","volume":"297","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200111000-00005","article-title":"Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on skeletal muscle metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1297","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00494.2004","article-title":"Diminished beta-cell replication contributes to reduced beta-cell mass in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"288","author":"Limesand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273324","article-title":"Fetal adaptations in insulin secretion result from high catecholamines during placental insufficiency","volume":"595","author":"Limesand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1716","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00459.2007","article-title":"Increased insulin sensitivity and maintenance of glucose utilization rates in fetal sheep with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"293","author":"Limesand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0900","article-title":"Attenuated insulin release and storage in fetal sheep pancreatic islets with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"147","author":"Limesand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B84","first-page":"1606","article-title":"Effects of birth weight and postnatal high-fat diet on growth performance, carcass and meat quality in pigs","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E102","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00089.2007","article-title":"Effects of TNF-alpha neutralization on adipocytokines and skeletal muscle adiposity in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"293","author":"Lo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1850","article-title":"Adrenal demedullation and oxygen supplementation independently increase glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"157","author":"Macko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01737997","article-title":"Myosin heavy chain composition of single fibres and their origins and distribution in developing fascicles of sheep tibialis cranialis muscles","volume":"13","author":"Maier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Musc. Res. Cell Mobil."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.07.008","article-title":"Umbilical artery chemokine CCL16 is associated with preterm preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction","volume":"60","author":"Makikallio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020254","article-title":"Performance and meat quality of intrauterine growth restricted pigs","volume":"11","author":"Matyba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0036-z","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and secretion from birth to age three years in small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age children","volume":"48","author":"Mericq","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2008.04975.x","article-title":"Sheep models of intrauterine growth restriction: fetal adaptations and consequences","volume":"35","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4341-9","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction: current knowledge","volume":"295","author":"Nardozza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114421","article-title":"Administration of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, or interleukin 1 to rats activates skeletal muscle branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase","volume":"85","author":"Nawabi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B94","first-page":"353","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: a \u201cthrifty\u201d genotype rendered detrimental by \u201cprogress\u201d?","volume":"14","author":"Neel","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122978","article-title":"Dietary curcumin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity, upregulates Nrf2 and Hmox1 levels in the liver of piglet model with intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"11","author":"Niu","year":"","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519001508","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in a rat model of intra-uterine growth restriction through insulin signalling pathway and sterol regulatory element binding proteins","volume":"122","author":"Niu","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121098","article-title":"Effect of curcumin on growth performance, inflammation, insulin level, and lipid metabolism in weaned piglets with IUGR","volume":"9","author":"Niu","year":"","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225328","article-title":"The relationship among the progression of inflammation in umbilical cord, fetal inflammatory response, early-onset neonatal sepsis, and chorioamnionitis","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R525","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00544.2014","article-title":"Distinct differences in the responses of the human pancreatic \u03b2-cell line EndoC-\u03b2H1 and human islets to proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"309","author":"Oleson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amer. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174416000714","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction increases circulating mitochondrial DNA and Toll-like receptor 9 expression in adult offspring: could aerobic training counteract these adaptations?","volume":"8","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1405-8","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and secretion in normal children related to size at birth, postnatal growth, and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I levels","volume":"47","author":"Ong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092363","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory mediation of myoblast proliferation","volume":"9","author":"Otis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.141085","article-title":"Down-regulation of placental transport of amino acids precedes the development of intrauterine growth restriction in maternal nutrient restricted baboons","volume":"95","author":"Pantham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E67","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00057.2020","article-title":"Lower oxygen consumption and complex I activity in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"319","author":"Pendleton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R513","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00106.2019","article-title":"Increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle of growth-restricted ovine fetuses","volume":"317","author":"Pendleton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612888","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.612888","article-title":"Dimming the powerhouse: mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver and skeletal muscle of intrauterine growth restricted fetuses","volume":"12","author":"Pendleton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B107","first-page":"53","article-title":"Fiber type specific expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-18 in human skeletal muscles","volume":"11","author":"Plomgaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R600021-JLR200","article-title":"The role of TNF-alpha in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"48","author":"Popa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txy038","article-title":"Changes in myoblast responsiveness to TNFa and IL-6 contribute to decreased skeletal muscle mass in intrauterine growth restricted fetal sheep","volume":"2","author":"Posont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B110","unstructured":"PosontR. J.\n          The Role of Inflammatory Pathways in Development, Growth, and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle in IUGR Offspring; Blood Gene Expression of Inflammatory Factors as Novel Biomarkers for Assessing Stress and Wellbeing in Exotic Species2019"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.15562\/diabesity.2017.40","article-title":"A potential role for mTORC1\/2 in \u03b22 adrenergic regulation of skeletal muscle glucose oxidation in models of intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"3","author":"Posont","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabesity"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab102","article-title":"Maternofetal inflammation induced for 2 wk in late gestation reduced birth weight and impaired neonatal growth and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in lambs","author":"Posont","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.02.001","article-title":"Postnatal nutrient repartitioning due to adaptive developmental programming","volume":"35","author":"Posont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R151","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00036.2014","article-title":"Impact of chronic hypoxemia on blood flow to the brain, heart, and adrenal gland in the late-gestation IUGR sheep fetus","volume":"308","author":"Poudel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13611","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800128200","article-title":"Histone code modifications repress glucose transporter 4 expression in the intrauterine growth-restricted offspring","volume":"283","author":"Raychaudhuri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.039511","article-title":"The relationship between transplacental O2 diffusion and placental expression of PlGF, VEGF and their receptors in a placental insufficiency model of fetal growth restriction","volume":"550","author":"Regnault","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.01.003","article-title":"Fetoplacental transport and utilization of amino acids in IUGR\u2013a review","volume":"26","author":"Regnault","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2001.00824.x","article-title":"Cytokines and oxidative signalling in skeletal muscle","volume":"171","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1591","article-title":"TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation stimulates skeletal muscle glycolytic metabolism through activation of HIF-1alpha","volume":"156","author":"Remels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.02.006","article-title":"Developmental programming of fetal growth and development","volume":"35","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2359","article-title":"Developmental programming: the concept, large animal models, and the key role of uteroplacental vascular development","volume":"88","author":"Reynolds","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.01.024","article-title":"Postmortem regulation of glycolysis by 6-phosphofructokinase in bovine M. Sternocephalicus pars mandibularis.","volume":"70","author":"Rhoades","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meat. Sci."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829862","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/829862","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction increases TNF alpha and activates the unfolded protein response in male rat pups","volume":"2014","author":"Riddle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110.e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.076","article-title":"The role of aspirin dose on the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"216","author":"Roberge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5799","article-title":"Meat Science and Muscle Biology Symposium: developmental programming in cattle: consequences for growth, efficiency, carcass, muscle, and beef quality characteristics","volume":"91","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S194","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2007.dec.S194-S202","article-title":"Inflammation in pregnancy: its roles in reproductive physiology, obstetrical complications, and fetal injury","volume":"65","author":"Romero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0462","article-title":"Placental insufficiency decreases pancreatic vascularity and disrupts hepatocyte growth factor signaling in the pancreatic islet endothelial cell in fetal sheep","volume":"64","author":"Rozance","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275230","article-title":"Skeletal muscle protein accretion rates and hindlimb growth are reduced in late gestation intrauterine growth-restricted fetal sheep","volume":"596","author":"Rozance","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118504","article-title":"The expression of TNF alpha by human muscle. Relationship to insulin resistance","volume":"97","author":"Saghizadeh","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-37-41","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation - small events, big consequences","volume":"37","author":"Saleem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x","article-title":"Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends","volume":"45","author":"Sedgh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stud. Fam. Plann."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1154525","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction - part 2","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1245285","article-title":"Genetic, metabolic and endocrine aspect of intrauterine growth restriction: an update","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1152249","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction - part 1","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030031","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and secretion are related to catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age infants at age 1 year: results from a prospective cohort","volume":"88","author":"Soto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0123","article-title":"Myoblast replication is reduced in the IUGR fetus despite maintained proliferative capacity in vitro","volume":"232","author":"Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278933","article-title":"Reduced Na(+) K(+) -ATPase activity may reduce amino acid uptake in intrauterine growth restricted fetal sheep muscle despite unchanged ex vivo amino acid transporter activity","volume":"598","author":"Stremming","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.3.8687","article-title":"Akt1 and Akt2 Differently regulate muscle creatine kinase and myogenin gene transcription in insulin-induced differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts","volume":"143","author":"Sumitani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1133","article-title":"Protein malnutrition during pregnancy in C57BL\/6J mice results in offspring with altered circadian physiology before obesity","volume":"151","author":"Sutton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa168","article-title":"Heat stress-induced deficits in growth, metabolic efficiency, and cardiovascular function coincided with chronic systemic inflammation and hypercatecholaminemia in ractopamine-supplemented feedlot lambs","volume":"98","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.119834","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 prevents hepatic fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a male rat model of poor maternal nutrition and accelerated postnatal growth","volume":"103","author":"Tarry-Adkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1789","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction increases fetal hepatic gluconeogenic capacity and reduces messenger ribonucleic acid translation initiation and nutrient sensing in fetal liver and skeletal muscle","volume":"150","author":"Thorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.09.110193.001533","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor, other cytokines and disease","volume":"9","author":"Tracey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401595","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/401595","article-title":"Adiponectin levels are reduced while markers of systemic inflammation and aortic remodelling are increased in intrauterine growth restricted mother-child couple","volume":"2014","author":"Visentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1143","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00128.2018","article-title":"Prolonged amino acid infusion into intrauterine growth restricted fetal sheep increases leucine oxidation rates","volume":"315","author":"Wai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516002166","article-title":"Intra-uterine undernutrition amplifies age-associated glucose intolerance in pigs via altered DNA methylation at muscle GLUT4 promoter","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003199","article-title":"IL-6 pathway-driven investigation of response to IL-6 receptor inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01737996","article-title":"Early stages of myogenesis in a large mammal: formation of successive generations of myotubes in sheep tibialis cranialis muscle","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Musc. Res. Cell Mobil."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E832","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00328.2010","article-title":"IL-6 selectively stimulates fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle","volume":"299","author":"Wolsk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-156","article-title":"Board-invited review: intrauterine growth retardation: implications for the animal sciences","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.049106","article-title":"Methylated Vnn1 at promoter regions induces asthma occurrence via the PI3K\/Akt\/NF\u03baB-mediated inflammation in IUGR mice","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1020","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00528.2015","article-title":"Intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit smaller hindlimb muscle fibers and lower proportions of insulin-sensitive Type I fibers near term","volume":"310","author":"Yates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5835","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278726","article-title":"Postnatal beta2 adrenergic treatment improves insulin sensitivity in lambs with IUGR but not persistent defects in pancreatic islets or skeletal muscle","volume":"597","author":"Yates","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.272591","article-title":"Myoblasts from intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit intrinsic deficiencies in proliferation that contribute to smaller semitendinosus myofibres","volume":"592","author":"Yates","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631038","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/631038","article-title":"Developmental programming in response to intrauterine growth restriction impairs myoblast function and skeletal muscle metabolism","volume":"2012","author":"Yates","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky164","article-title":"ASAS-SSR triennnial reproduction symposium: looking back and moving forward-how reproductive physiology has evolved: fetal origins of impaired muscle growth and metabolic dysfunction: lessons from the heat-stressed pregnant ewe","volume":"96","author":"Yates","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2011","article-title":"Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche","volume":"93","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.11.1904","article-title":"Acute impairment of insulin-mediated capillary recruitment and glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle in vivo by TNF-alpha","volume":"49","author":"Youd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82713","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082713","article-title":"Folic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction through its anti-inflammatory effect in mice","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fanim.2021.761421\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T06:23:36Z","timestamp":1636007016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fanim.2021.761421\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"references-count":159,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fanim.2021.761421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fanim.2021.761421","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"article-number":"761421"}}