{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:46:20Z","timestamp":1753890380367,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Audiol. Otol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Placebo effects refer to the impact of a treatment on health outcomes that cannot be attributed to the treatment itself. The current study aimed to investigate whether a comprehensive hearing aid fitting process would induce placebo effects compared to a simple process, and whether personal attributes such as personality traits could predict susceptibility to these effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty adults with hearing loss completed the study. The study began with a fitting session in which the field trial hearing aid configuration (the actual fitting) was set, followed by two experimental conditions. Each condition involved a fake hearing aid fitting and a 3-week field trial. In the fake fitting, bilateral hearing aids were fitted using the Comprehensive protocol (CM) that included multiple assessments and probe-microphone verification or the Streamlined protocol (ST) that did not involve any assessments other than a hearing test. The same hearing aid amplification settings established in the actual fitting, rather than the settings from the fake fittings, were used in the field trials for both conditions. Patient outcomes were measured using the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA), which was administered as both retrospective self-reports and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys. Personality was assessed using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Upon completion of the study, participants expressed their hearing aid preferences based on hearing aids' real-world performances (prefer CM, prefer ST, or no preference).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For both retrospective self-reports and EMA, the IOI-HA scores of the CM and ST conditions did not significantly differ. Among the 30 participants, 22 expressed a preference for either CM (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 14) or ST (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8). Younger participants and those with higher levels of agreeableness were more likely to have a hearing aid preference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the group level, comprehensive hearing aid fitting process did not generate a placebo effect leading to better outcomes compared to a simple process. However, despite the absence of differences in hearing aid settings, most (73%) participants were affected by placebo effects, believing that one fitting process yielded better real-world outcomes than the other. Personal attributes including personality traits and age are associated with susceptibility to placebo effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fauot.2024.1411397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T19:30:21Z","timestamp":1718134221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Would a comprehensive hearing aid fitting process lead to placebo effects compared to a simple process?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Dorfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Stangl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Oleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Guidelines for the Audiologic Management of Adult Hearing Impairment2006"},{"volume-title":"American National Standard: Methods for Calculation of the Speech Intelligibility Index [ANSI S3.5-1997 (R2012)]","year":"1997","key":"B2"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-7-31","article-title":"Willing to wait? the influence of patient wait time on satisfaction with primary care","volume":"7","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa258","article-title":"Clinician-patient racial\/ethnic concordance influences racial\/ethnic minority pain: evidence from simulated clinical interactions","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AUD.0000069228.46916.92","article-title":"Impact of digital labeling on outcome measures","volume":"24","author":"Bentler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJA-18-0027","article-title":"A comparison of personal sound amplification products and hearing aids in ecologically relevant test environments","volume":"27","author":"Brody","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1741117","article-title":"NAL-NL1 procedure for fitting non-linear hearing aids: characteristics and comparisons with other procedures","volume":"12","author":"Byrne","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00025572-199502000-00001","article-title":"Using loudness data for hearing aid selection: the IHAFF approach","volume":"48","author":"Cox","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hear. J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199504000-00005","article-title":"The abbreviated profile of hearing aid benefit","volume":"16","author":"Cox","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020209101309","article-title":"The International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA): psychometric properties of the English version","volume":"41","author":"Cox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2013.783718","article-title":"Placebo effects in hearing-aid trials are reliable","volume":"52","author":"Dawes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182251a0e","article-title":"The placebo effect and the influence of participant expectation on hearing aid trials","volume":"32","author":"Dawes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"27","article-title":"Client Oriented Scale of Improvement (COSI) and its relationship to several other measures of benefit and satisfaction provided by hearing aids","volume":"8","author":"Dillon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748460","article-title":"Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile: derivation and validation of a client-centered outcome measure for hearing aid services","volume":"10","author":"Gatehouse","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00385.x","article-title":"Treatment choice and placebo expectation effects","volume":"5","author":"Geers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"\u201cAudioSense: enabling real-time evaluation of hearing aid technology in-situ,\u201d","author":"Hasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paper Presented at the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"67","article-title":"\u201cProcedural considerations in probe-microphone measurements,\u201d","volume-title":"Probe Microphone Measurements: Hearing Aid Selection and Assessment","author":"Hawkins","year":"1992"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"17","article-title":"Does personality play a relevant role in the placebo effect?","volume":"25","author":"Jak\u0161i\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danubina"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1504023","article-title":"Placebo effects in medicine","volume":"373","author":"Kaptchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4081\/audiores.2011.e24","article-title":"The NAL-NL2 prescription procedure","volume":"1","author":"Keidser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Audiol. Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1784440","article-title":"Development of a quick speech-in-noise test for measuring signal-to-noise ratio loss in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners","volume":"116","author":"Killion","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"12","article-title":"MarkeTrak VIII: the impact of the hearing healthcare professional on hearing aid user success","volume":"17","author":"Kochkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.11.1437","article-title":"Is patients' perception of time spent with the physician a determinant of ambulatory patient satisfaction?","volume":"161","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archiv. Intern. Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.02.428","article-title":"Feelings of clinician-patient similarity and trust influence pain: evidence from simulated clinical interactions","volume":"18","author":"Losin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x","article-title":"An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications","volume":"60","author":"McCrae","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Personal"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3403.679","article-title":"Toleration of background noises: relationship with patterns of hearing aid use by elderly persons","volume":"34","author":"Nabelek","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000157","article-title":"Exploring the effects of the narrative embodied in the hearing aid fitting process on treatment outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Naylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000248","article-title":"How was your day? Convergence of aggregated momentary and retrospective end-of-day affect ratings across the adult life span","volume":"119","author":"Neubauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199012000-00004","article-title":"The Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults: psychometric adequacy and audiometric correlates","volume":"11","author":"Newman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408469","article-title":"Development of the Hearing in Noise Test for the measurement of speech reception thresholds in quiet and in noise","volume":"95","author":"Nilsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20161013-05","article-title":"Patient satisfaction is associated with time with provider but not clinic wait time among orthopedic patients","volume":"40","author":"Patterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001130","article-title":"Descriptions of hearing aids influence the experience of listening to hearing aids","volume":"43","author":"Rakita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Pre-Fitting Tests Using Frequency-Specific Measures Essentials of Modern Hearing Aids: Selection, Fitting, and Verification","author":"Ricketts","year":"2017"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.3.383","article-title":"Not all emotions are created equal: the negativity bias in social-emotional development","volume":"134","author":"Vaish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Bullet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198205000-00006","article-title":"The hearing handicap inventory for the elderly: a new tool","volume":"3","author":"Ventry","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000365248","article-title":"Age and sex as moderators of the placebo response-an evaluation of systematic reviews and meta-analyses across medicine","volume":"61","author":"Weimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719133","article-title":"Comparison of in-situ and retrospective self-reports on assessing hearing aid outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Audiology and Otology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fauot.2024.1411397\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T19:30:37Z","timestamp":1718134237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fauot.2024.1411397\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fauot.2024.1411397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fauot.2024.1411397","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2813-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"article-number":"1411397"}}