{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:58:37Z","timestamp":1785491917503,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioinform."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Large language models have recently evolved into multimodal systems capable of interpreting images alongside text. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy and repeatability of ChatGPT-5 for reversible pulpitis, based on structured clinical information and periapical radiographs (PRs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty expert-validated cases of reversible pulpitis were retrospectively selected. For each case, clinical data and PRs were compiled to create a reference dataset, with expert consensus serving as the reference standard. A structured prompt incorporating clinical information and PR was designed and included six predefined questions: four addressing diagnostic reasoning, one assessing whether PR information was used to establish the diagnosis, and one requiring radiographic findings description. Each case was entered thirty times into ChatGPT-5, generating a total of 900 answers. Answers were assessed by two independent experts, with disagreements resolved by a third. Radiographic descriptions were graded using a three-point Likert scale. Diagnostic accuracy and repeatability were analysed using binomial and agreement methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnostic questions related to tooth identification, pulpal diagnosis, periapical diagnosis and treatment indication showed accuracies above 96%. Overall accuracy for radiographic description was low (4.67%). Coronal radiographic interpretation showed poor performance (5.15%), whereas accuracy for pulpal and periapical structures exceeded 96%. Repeatability was almost perfect for diagnostic questions and pulpal\/periapical interpretation, but moderate for coronal descriptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT-5 demonstrated high accuracy and repeatability in text-based diagnostic reasoning for reversible pulpitis. However, limitations in radiographic interpretation, particularly of coronal structures, indicate that its use should be limited to a supervised decision-support role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbinf.2026.1877345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:35:50Z","timestamp":1784612150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy and repeatability of ChatGPT using textual and radiographic data in reversible pulpitis: a retrospective diagnostic study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Llorente de Pedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Moneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Andreu-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University Dental Clinics","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"D\u00edaz-Flores Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University Dental Clinics","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University Dental Clinics","place":["Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.09.035","article-title":"AAE consensus conference recommended diagnostic terminology","volume":"35","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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