{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:59:46Z","timestamp":1790341186542,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioinform."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Renibacterium salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the etiological agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), remains a major challenge for salmonid aquaculture due to its intracellular lifestyle, chronic infection pattern, and the limited efficacy of current control strategies. In this study, a multiepitope vaccine candidate against\n                    <jats:italic>Renibacterium salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was designed using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches. Conserved antigenic proteins shared among three bacterial strains were identified through a systematic screening pipeline that included virulence prediction, essentiality analysis, antigenicity assessment, and exclusion of host homologs. Selected B-cell, MHC-I, and MHC-II epitopes were assembled into a chimeric construct and combined with conserved flagellin D0\/D1 domains as a TLR5-targeting molecular adjuvant. The resulting construct, designated RS-MEVC, exhibited favorable predicted physicochemical and immunological properties, including high antigenicity, non-allergenicity, structural stability, and favorable stereochemical quality. Three-dimensional modeling revealed a predominantly \u03b1-helical structure, and structural validation supported the reliability of the refined model. Molecular docking predicted a stable interaction between RS-MEVC and\n                    <jats:italic>Atlantic salmon<\/jats:italic>\n                    TLR5, supported by multiple hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and extensive intermolecular contacts. Molecular dynamics simulations further indicated stable conformational behavior of both the free vaccine construct and the vaccine-TLR5 complex, while MM-PBSA analysis predicted favorable binding energetics. Codon optimization and\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    cloning supported the feasibility of recombinant expression in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Overall, these findings identify RS-MEVC as a promising computationally designed vaccine candidate against BKD and provide a rational framework for its subsequent experimental evaluation in salmonids.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbinf.2026.1899416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:02:31Z","timestamp":1790337751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics-driven design of a multiepitope vaccine candidate against Renibacterium salmoninarum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Arriagada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Prina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Molina-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simes Educational Center","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo A.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel A.","family":"O\u00f1ate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n","place":["Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-10146-y","article-title":"Structural engineering of flagellin as vaccine adjuvant: quest for the minimal domain of flagellin for TLR5 activation","volume":"52","author":"Afzal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. 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