{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:21:16Z","timestamp":1774678876429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518048000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T04:25:12Z","timestamp":1518063912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ethical and Philosophical Considerations for Gain-of-Function Policy: The Importance of Alternate Experiments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Nicholas Greig","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1875","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01875-14","article-title":"An epistemological perspective on the value of gain-of-function experiments involving pathogens with pandemic potential","volume":"5","author":"Casadevall","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Framework for Guiding Funding Decisions About Proposed Research Involving Enhanced Potential Pandemic Pathogens2017"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Scientists brace for media storm around controversial flu studies\n            EnserinkM.\n          Science2011"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.336.6088.1494","article-title":"Public at last, H5N1 study offers insight into virus\u2019s possible path to pandemic","volume":"336","author":"Enserink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2012-100712","article-title":"Great expectations \u2013 ethics, avian flu and the value of progress","volume":"39","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1993","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01993-14","article-title":"Valuing knowledge: a reply to the epistemological perspective on the value of gain-of-function experiments","volume":"5","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2014-102619","article-title":"The ethics of biosafety considerations in gain-of-function research resulting in the creation of potential pandemic pathogens","volume":"41","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-014-9591-3","article-title":"Biosecurity and open-source biology: the promise and peril of distributed synthetic biological technologies","volume":"21","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Risk and Benefit Analysis of Gain of Function Research","year":"2016"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026005915919","article-title":"Ethical criteria of risk acceptance","volume":"59","author":"Hansson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Erkenntnis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213362","article-title":"Airborne transmission of influenza a\/H5N1 virus between ferrets","volume":"336","author":"Herfst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10831","article-title":"Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA\/H1N1 virus in ferrets","volume":"486","author":"Imai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Moratorium on risky experiments lifted for MERS mouse studies","author":"Kaiser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2008","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02008-14","article-title":"Can limited scientific value of potential pandemic pathogen experiments justify the risks?","volume":"5","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12658","article-title":"Underprotection of unpredictable statistical lives compared to predictable ones","volume":"37","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001646","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001646","article-title":"Ethical alternatives to experiments with novel potential pandemic pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2366","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02366-14","article-title":"Moratorium on research intended to create novel potential pandemic pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8312-9","volume-title":"Ethical and Philosophical Consideration of the Dual-Use Dilemma in the Biological Sciences","author":"Miller","year":"2008"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Gain-of-Function Research: Summary of the Second Symposium","author":"Piers","year":"2016"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Potential Risks and Benefits of Gain-of-Function Research","year":"2015"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Recommendations for the evaluation and oversight of proposed gain-of-function research2016"},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Recommended Policy Guidance for Departmental Development of Review Mechanisms for Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight (P3CO)","year":"2017"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2430","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02430-14","article-title":"Influenza gain-of-function experiments: their role in vaccine virus recommendation and pandemic preparedness","volume":"5","author":"Schultz-Cherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-016-9810-1","article-title":"Gain-of-function research: ethical analysis","volume":"22","author":"Selgelid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"JVI.2765","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02765-13","article-title":"Airborne transmission of highly pathogenic H7N1 influenza in ferrets","volume":"88","author":"Sutton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"U.S. Government Gain-of-Function Deliberative Process and Research Funding Pause on Selected Gain-of-Function Research Involving Influenza, MERS, and SARS Viruses","year":"2014"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.05.006","article-title":"Circulating avian influenza viruses closely related to the 1918 virus have pandemic potential","volume":"15","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"Biorisk Management: Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00011\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T12:27:01Z","timestamp":1526387221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00011\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"article-number":"11"}}