{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:45:27Z","timestamp":1753890327078,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["091019CRP2117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["091019CRP2117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000830","name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In time of COVID-19 biological detection technologies are of crucial relevance. We propose here the use of state of the art optical fiber biosensors to address two aspects of the fight against SARS-CoV-2 and other pandemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Fiber optic biosensors functionalized with HCoV spikes could be used to discover broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) effective against known HCoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and likely future ones. In turn, identified bnAbs, once immobilized onto fiber optic biosensors, should be capable to detect HCoVs as diagnostic and environmental sensing devices. The therapeutic and preventative value of bnAbs is immense as they can be used for passive immunization and for the educated development of a universal vaccine (active immunization). Hence, HCoV bnAbs represent an extremely important resource for future preparedness against coronavirus-borne pandemics. Furthermore, the assembly of bnAb-based biosensors constitutes an innovative approach to counteract public health threats, as it bears diagnostic competence additional to environmental detection of a range of pandemic strains. This concept can be extended to different pandemic viruses, as well as bio-warfare threats that entail existing, emerging and extinct viruses (e.g., the smallpox-causing <jats:italic>Variola virus<\/jats:italic>). We report here the forefront fiber optic biosensor technology that could be implemented to achieve these aims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.637715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T06:53:18Z","timestamp":1638341598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perspectives on Assembling Coronavirus Spikes on Fiber Optics to Reveal Broadly Recognizing Antibodies and Generate a Universal Coronavirus Detector"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marzhan","family":"Sypabekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Vangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2021.166969","article-title":"Picomolar Detection of Thrombin with Fiber-Optic ball Resonator Sensor Using Optical Backscatter Reflectometry","volume":"241","author":"Ayupova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99099-x","article-title":"Label-free Fiber-Optic Spherical Tip Biosensor to Enable Picomolar-Level Detection of CD44 Protein","volume":"11","author":"Bekmurzayeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124298","article-title":"Etched Fiber Bragg Grating Biosensor Functionalized with Aptamers for Detection of Thrombin","volume":"18","author":"Bekmurzayeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7783","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04421","article-title":"Opportunities and Challenges for Biosensors and Nanoscale Analytical Tools for Pandemics: COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Bhalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2011.2166110","article-title":"Optical Fiber Ring Cavity Sensor for Label-free DNA Detection","volume":"18","author":"Candiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Select. Top. Quan. Electron."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2870337","article-title":"In-situ Detection of Small Biomolecule Interactions Using a Plasmonic Tilted Fiber Grating Sensor","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2016-0178","article-title":"Biosensing with Optical Fiber Gratings","volume":"6","author":"Chiavaioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00517","article-title":"Development of Point-of-Care Biosensors for COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.01.102","article-title":"Modification of Thread-Based Microfluidic Device with Polysiloxanes for the Development of a Sensitive and Selective Immunoassay","volume":"260","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B: Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.07.046","article-title":"A Volumetric Meter Chip for point-of-care Quantitative Detection of Bovine Catalase for Food Safety Control","volume":"935","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analytica Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-021-00128-1","article-title":"Broadly Neutralizing Anti-coronavirus Antibodies","volume":"20","author":"Cully","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.015","article-title":"COVID-19-neutralizing Antibodies Predict Disease Severity and Survival","volume":"184","author":"Garcia-Beltran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-018-1520-2","article-title":"High Sensitivity and Ultra-compact Optical Biosensor for Detection of UREA Concentration","volume":"50","author":"Gharsallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Quant Electron."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2215958","article-title":"Micro-ball Lensed Fiber-Based Glucose Sensor","volume":"13","author":"Harun","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.03.005","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Detection of Dopamine Using a Graphene Functionalized Plasmonic Fiber-Optic Sensor with Aptamer Conformational Amplification","volume":"264","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B: Chem."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2019.2924652","article-title":"Refractive index Sensor by Interrogation of Etched MgO Nanoparticle-Doped Optical Fiber Signature","volume":"31","author":"Korganbayev","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304605","article-title":"The Optical Fiber Tip: An Inherently Light-Coupled Microscopic Platform for Micro- and Nanotechnologies","volume":"26","author":"Kostovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2007.10.011","article-title":"Human Monoclonal Antibodies by Immortalization of Memory B Cells","volume":"18","author":"Lanzavecchia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2822827","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle-Functionalized Surface Plasmon Resonance Optical Fiber Biosensor: In Situ Detection of Thrombin with 1 N\u00b7M Detection Limit","volume":"37","author":"Lao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.08.058","article-title":"Improved Detection Limits of Protein Optical Fiber Biosensors Coated with Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"52","author":"Lepinay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.07.053","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Biosensor Based on Silicon Nitride Slot Waveguide","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8030074","article-title":"Cytokeratins Biosensing Using Tilted Fiber Gratings","volume":"8","author":"Loyez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b02155","article-title":"Rapid Detection of Circulating Breast Cancer Cells Using a Multiresonant Optical Fiber Aptasensor with Plasmonic Amplification","volume":"5","author":"Loyez","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.062","article-title":"In Situ cancer Diagnosis through Online Plasmonics","volume":"131","author":"Loyez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.08.064","article-title":"A Novel Immunosensor Based on Excessively Tilted Fiber Grating Coated with Gold Nanospheres Improves the Detection Limit of Newcastle Disease Virus","volume":"100","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32429","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.23.032429","article-title":"Biosensor Based on Excessively Tilted Fiber Grating in Thin-Cladding Optical Fiber for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Low Glucose Concentration","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107725","article-title":"Cross-reactive Antibody Response between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Infections","volume":"31","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cel Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2017.11.010","article-title":"Development of a Low-Cost Paper-Based ELISA Method for Rapid Escherichia coli O157:H7 Detection","volume":"542","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2349-y","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a Human Monoclonal SARS-CoV Antibody","volume":"583","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092095","article-title":"Whispering-gallery Mode Resonators for Detecting Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Pongruengkiat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112454","article-title":"Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 Detection: A Comprehensive Review of the FDA-EUA COVID-19 Testing Landscape","volume":"165","author":"Ravi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.10.081","article-title":"Cancer Biomarker Sensing Using Packaged Plasmonic Optical Fiber Gratings: Towards In Vivo Diagnosis","volume":"92","author":"Ribaut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000250","article-title":"Trends and Innovations in Biosensors for COVID\u201019 Mass Testing","volume":"21","author":"Santiago","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216199","article-title":"Fiber Optic Refractive index Sensors Based on a ball Resonator and Optical Backscatter Interrogation","volume":"20","author":"Shaimerdenova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.1.000128","article-title":"Anomalous Permittivity and Plasmon Resonances of Copper Nanoparticle Conformal Coatings on Optical Fibers","volume":"1","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.01.018","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance Fiber Sensor for Real-Time and Label-free Monitoring of Cellular Behavior","volume":"56","author":"Shevchenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2019.100015","article-title":"Trends in the Design of Wavelength-Based Optical Fibre Biosensors (2008-2018)","volume":"1","author":"Socorro-Ler\u00e1noz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron. X"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01352182","article-title":"Wet Chemical Etching of Silicate Glasses in Hydrofluoric Acid Based Solutions","volume":"28","author":"Spierings","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.10.033","article-title":"Sensitive Detection of C-Reactive Protein Using Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings","volume":"65","author":"Sridevi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500208","article-title":"Bare Fiber Bragg Grating Immunosensor for Real-Time Detection ofEscherichia Colibacteria","volume":"10","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biophoton"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"155","article-title":"Existing and Emerging Technologies for Point-of-Care Testing","volume":"35","author":"St John","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13769","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02232-14","article-title":"Effects of Human Anti-spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain Antibodies on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Neutralization Escape and Fitness","volume":"88","author":"Sui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.01.003","article-title":"Effects of Gold Film Thickness on Spectrum Profile and Sensitivity of a Multimode-Optical-Fiber SPR Sensor","volume":"132","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B: Chem."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112365","article-title":"Reflector-less Nanoparticles Doped Optical Fiber Biosensor for the Detection of Proteins: Case Thrombin","volume":"165","author":"Sypabekova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.005945","article-title":"Fiber Optic Refractive index Sensors through Spectral Detection of Rayleigh Backscattering in a Chemically Etched MgO-Based Nanoparticle-Doped Fiber","volume":"43","author":"Sypabekova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111765","article-title":"Functionalized Etched Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating Aptasensor for Label-free Protein Detection","volume":"146","author":"Sypabekova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6764","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236764","article-title":"An Analysis Review of Detection Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Based on Biosensor Application","volume":"20","author":"Taha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.00226","article-title":"Prepare for the Future: Dissecting the Spike to Seek Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Universal Vaccine for Pandemic Coronaviruses","volume":"7","author":"Vangelista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.07.030","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Detection of Molecular Interactions with Plasmonic Optical Fiber Grating Sensors","volume":"51","author":"Voisin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7269","article-title":"A Highly Conserved Cryptic Epitope in the Receptor Binding Domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV","volume":"368","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.637715\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T06:53:22Z","timestamp":1638341602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.637715\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2021.637715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.637715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-4185"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"article-number":"637715"}}