{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:04:55Z","timestamp":1780394695742,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoking is considered a key risk factor for implant survival; however, how it interacts with the pathogens in peri-implant infections is not clear. Here, we identified that nicotine, the key component of cigarette smoking, can interact with <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and synergistically induce peri-implant infections in a rat osteolysis model. The nicotine\u2013<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> combination group increased the gross bone pathology, osteolysis, periosteal reactions, and bone resorption compared to the nicotine or <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> single treated group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Nicotine did not promote the proliferation of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, but it can significantly upregulate the expression of staphylococcal protein A (SpA), a key virulence factor of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>. The nicotine\u2013<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> combination also synergistically activated the expression of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) to promote the development of peri-implant infections. The synergistic effects between nicotine and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infection can be a new target to reduce the peri-implant infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.658380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T04:22:53Z","timestamp":1631506973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Synergistic Effect of Nicotine and Staphylococcus aureus on Peri-Implant Infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengguang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bina","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2019.49.6.397","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis after at Least 7 Years of Loading","volume":"49","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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