{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:52:57Z","timestamp":1790520777355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Experimental studies have demonstrated a relationship between spinal injury severity and vertebral kinematics, influenced by the initial spinal alignment of automotive occupants. Spinal alignment has been considered one of the possible causes of gender differences in the risk of sustaining spinal injuries. To predict vertebral kinematics and investigate spinal injury mechanisms, including gender-related mechanisms, under different seat back inclinations, it is needed to investigate the effect of the seat back inclination on initial spinal alignment in automotive seating postures for both men and women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the seat back inclination on spinal alignments, comparing spinal alignments of automotive seating postures in the 20\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 seat back angle and standing and supine postures. The spinal columns of 11 female and 12 male volunteers in automotive seating, standing, and supine postures were scanned in an upright open magnetic resonance imaging system. Patterns of their spinal alignments were analyzed using Multidimensional Scaling presented in a distribution map. Spinal segmental angles (cervical curvature, T1 slope, total thoracic kyphosis, upper thoracic kyphosis, lower thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sacral slope) were also measured using the imaging data. In the maximum individual variances in spinal alignment, a relationship between the cervical and thoracic spinal alignment was found in multidimensional scaling analyses. Subjects with a more lordotic cervical spine had a pronounced kyphotic thoracic spine, whereas subjects with a straighter to kyphotic cervical spine had a less kyphotic thoracic spine. When categorizing spinal alignments into two groups based on the spinal segmental angle of cervical curvature, spinal alignments with a lordotic cervical spine showed significantly greater absolute average values of T1 slope, total thoracic kyphosis, and lower thoracic kyphosis for both the 20\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 seat back angles. For automotive seating postures, the gender difference in spinal alignment was almost straight cervical and less-kyphotic thoracic spine for the female subjects and lordotic cervical and more pronounced kyphotic thoracic spine for the male subjects. The most prominent influence of seatback inclination appeared in Total thoracic kyphosis, with increased angles for 25\u00b0 seat back, 8.0\u00b0 greater in spinal alignments with a lordotic cervical spine, 3.2\u00b0 greater in spinal alignments with a kyphotic cervical spine. The difference in total thoracic kyphosis between the two seatback angles and between the seating posture with the 20\u00b0 seat back angle and the standing posture was greater for spinal alignments with a lordotic cervical spine than for spinal alignments with a kyphotic cervical spine. The female subjects in this study had a tendency toward the kyphotic cervical spine. Some of the differences between average gender-specific spinal alignments may be explained by the findings observed in the differences between spinal alignments with a lordotic and kyphotic cervical spine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.684043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T07:28:08Z","timestamp":1627889288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Effect of Seat Back Inclination on Spinal Alignment in Automotive Seating Postures"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fusako","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigehiro","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ferreiro Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Schick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Brolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S149","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a7f449","article-title":"Cervical radiographical alignment: comprehensive assessment techniques and potential importance in cervical myelopathy","volume":"38","author":"Ames","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01554.x","article-title":"Comparison of the head and cervical posture between the self-balanced position and the Frankfurt method","volume":"33","author":"Armijo-Olivo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.02.007","article-title":"Cervical lordosis: the effect of age and gender","volume":"17","author":"Been","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000117542.88865.77","article-title":"Analysis of the sagittal balance of the spine and pelvis using shape and orientation parameters","volume":"18","author":"Berthonnaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Modern Multidimensional Scaling, 2nd Edn","author":"Borg","year":"2005"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Aiming for an average female virtual human body model for seat performance assessment in rear-end impacts,","volume-title":"Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference","author":"Brolin","year":"2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.06.002","article-title":"Are there gender differences in coping with neck pain following acute whiplash trauma? A 12-month follow-up study","volume":"16","author":"Carstensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Geometrical characterisation of a seated occupant,","volume-title":"Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference","author":"Chabert","year":"1998"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00126-8","article-title":"Neck pain and head restraint position relative to the driver's head in rear-end collisions","volume":"32","author":"Chapline","year":"2000","journal-title":"Accident Anal. Prev."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Multidimensional Scaling, 2nd Edn","author":"Cox","year":"2000"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4271\/2000-01-SC13","article-title":"Kinematics of human cadaver cervical spine during low speed rear-end impacts","volume":"44","author":"Deng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(96)00186-6","article-title":"Risk factors for \u201cWhiplash\u201d in drivers: a cohort study of rear-end traffic crashes","volume":"28","author":"Dolinis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2014.8.5.599","article-title":"Characteristics of sagittal spino-pelvic alignment in Japanese young adults","volume":"8","author":"Endo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901602400121","article-title":"Relationship among cervical, thoracic, and lumbopelvic sagittal alignment in healthy adults","volume":"24","author":"Endo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthopaed. Surg."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"The influence of sagittal cervical profile, gender and age on the thoracic kyphosis675680\n            ErkanS.\n            YercanH. S.\n            OkcuG.\n            \u00d6zalpR. T\n          21138225Acta Orthop. Belg.762010"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.20485\/jsaeijae.10.2_139","article-title":"Occupant safety in automated vehicles -effect of seatback recline on occupant restraint","volume":"10","author":"Forman","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Eng."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1630825","article-title":"Automobile injury trends in the contemporary fleet: belted occupants in frontal collisions","volume":"20","author":"Forman","year":"","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Comparison of human body models in frontal crashes with reclined seatback,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Gepber","year":"2019"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Passenger kinematics in Lane change and Lane change with Braking Manoeuvres using two belt configurations: standard and reversible pre-pretensioner,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2018"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198607000-00003","article-title":"Roentgenographic findings of the cervical spine in asymptomatic people","volume":"11","author":"Gore","year":"1986","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199707010-00009","article-title":"Radiographic standing cervical segmental alignment in adult volunteers without neck symptoms","volume":"22","author":"Hardacker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200008150-00011","article-title":"Cobb method or harrison posterior tangent method","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B1.8300650","article-title":"The Straight cervical spine: does it indicate muscle spasm?","volume":"76","author":"Helliwel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"B24","article-title":"The analysis of an individual difference in human skeletal alignment in seated posture and occupant behavior using HBMs,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Izumiyama","year":"2018"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580490435989","article-title":"Parameters influencing AIS1 neck injury outcome in frontal impacts","volume":"5","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E826","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a9fd85","article-title":"Differences in male and female spino-pelvic alignment in asymptomatic young adults and its relation to spinal deformities \u2013 a three-dimensional analysis using upright low-dose digital biplanar X-rays","volume":"34","author":"Janssen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1403017","article-title":"Influence of morphological variations on cervical spine segmental responses from inertial loading","volume":"19","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E630","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000281","article-title":"Is it possible to evaluate the parameters of cervical sagittal alignment on cervical computed tomographic scans?","volume":"39","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B29","article-title":"Flexion-torsion neck injury in rear impacts,","volume-title":"Association for the Advancement of Automobile Medicine","author":"Kihlberg","year":"1969"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114503","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007749","article-title":"Quantifying cervical spine curvature using B\u00e9zier splines","volume":"134","author":"Klinich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4271\/2004-22-0014","article-title":"Cervical spine geometry in the automotive seated posture: variations with age, stature, and gender","volume":"48","author":"Klinich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.08.031","article-title":"The use of the T1 sagittal angle in predicting overall sagittal balance of the spine","volume":"10","author":"Knott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580309862","article-title":"The risk of whiplash injury in the rear seat compared with the front seat in rear impacts","volume":"4","author":"Krafft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.02.039","article-title":"Chronic neck pain in young adults: perspectives on anatomic differences","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.059","article-title":"Factors determining cervical spine sagittal balance in asymptomatic adults: correlation with spinopelvic balance and thoracic inlet alignment","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3168352","article-title":"The second stiffest axis of a beam-column: implications for cervical spine trauma","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Seat belts and neck injuries,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Maag","year":"1990"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0013-8","article-title":"Sagittal spinopelvic balance in normal children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Mac-Thiong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198309000-00007","article-title":"Compression injury of the cervical spine","volume":"13","author":"Maiman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2002.97.1.0057","article-title":"Preinjury cervical alignment affecting spinal trauma","volume":"97","author":"Maiman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)00184-3","article-title":"Cervical curvature in acute whiplash injures: prospective comparative study with asymptomatic subjects","volume":"29","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"Japan: Annual Report of Anthropometry Data by Age in 20122013"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/2005-01-2738","article-title":"Influence of the head shape variation on brain damage under impact,","volume-title":"SAE Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Symposium","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2005"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/2000-01-2149","article-title":"Statistics for 3D human body forms,","volume-title":"SAE Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering Conference and Exposition","author":"Mochimaru","year":"2000"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Neck injuries in the UK co-operative crash injury study,19451957\n            MorrisA. P.\n            ThomasP. D.\n          10.4271\/962433SAE Technical Paper1051996"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.62.3.399","article-title":"Automobile head restraints\u2014frequency of neck injury claims in relation to the presence of head restraints","volume":"62","author":"O'Neill","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B47","article-title":"Prediction of neck injury risk based on the analysis of localized cervical vertebral motion of human volunteers during low-speed rear impacts,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Ono","year":"2006"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Relationship between localized spine deformation and cervical vertebral motions for low speed rear impacts using human volunteersm,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Ono","year":"1999"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head-neck-torso kinematics during low speed rear impacts,38593876\n            OnoK.\n            KaneokaK.\n            WittekA.\n            KajzerJ.\n          10.4271\/973340SAE Technical Paper1061997"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.11.066","article-title":"A female head-neck model for rear impact simulations","volume":"51","author":"\u00d6sth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(89)90011-9","article-title":"Soft tissue cervical injuries in motor vehicle accidents","volume":"20","author":"Otremski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2013.829217","article-title":"Characterization of vertebral angle and torso depth by gender and age groups with a focus on occupant safety","volume":"15","author":"Parenteau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E458","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31828802c2","article-title":"The effect of age on cervical sagittal alignment","volume":"38","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3525-2","article-title":"Does whole-spine lateral radiograph with clavicle positioning reflect the correct cervical sagittal alignments?","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Dynamic characteristics of the human cervical spine,30873094\n            PintarF.\n            YoganandanN.\n            VooL.\n            CusickJ. F.\n            MaimanD. J.\n            SancesA.Jr.\n          10.4271\/952722SAE Technical Paper1041995"},{"key":"B56","volume-title":"A Parametric Model of Cervical Spine Geometry and Posture","author":"Reed","year":"2017"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050220","article-title":"Whiplash-type neck distortion in restrained car drivers: frequency, causes and long-term results","volume":"9","author":"Richter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/07345410.1983.11677834","article-title":"Biomechanical relationship of the cranial, cervical, and hyoid regions","volume":"1","author":"Rocabado","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Craniomandib. Pract."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000152379.54463.65","article-title":"Classification of the normal variation in the sagittal alignment of the human lumbar spine and pelvis in the standing position","volume":"30","author":"Roussouly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S578","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1924-1","article-title":"Sagittal parameters of the spine: biomechanical approach","volume":"20","author":"Roussouly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"SAE J826 Devices for Use in Defining and Measuring Vehicle Seating Accommodation, 2015 Edn","year":"2015"},{"key":"B62","article-title":"Influence on cervical vertebral motion of the interaction between occupant and head restraint\/seat, based on the reconstruction of rear-end collision using finite element human model,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Sato","year":"2010"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4045111","article-title":"Relationship between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal alignments in automotive seated posture","volume":"141","author":"Sato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"B64","article-title":"Dynamic cervical vertebral motion of female and male volunteers and analysis of its interaction with head\/neck\/torso behavior during low-speed rear impact,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Sato","year":"2014"},{"key":"B65","article-title":"Characteristics of dynamic cervical vertebral kinematics for female and male volunteers in low-speed rear impact, based on quasi-static neck kinematics,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Sato","year":"2015"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2016.1227072","article-title":"Effects of whole spine alignment patterns on neck responses in rear end impact","volume":"18","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"Development of Anthropometrically Based Design Specifications for an Advanced Adult Anthropomorphic Dummy Family","author":"Schneider","year":"1983"},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"Bioengineering Study of Basic Physical Measurements Related to Susceptibility to Cervical Hyperextension-Hyperflexion Injury","author":"Snyder","year":"1975"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6846","article-title":"Whiplash-associated disorders: occupant kinematics and neck morphology","volume":"46","author":"Stemper","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthopaed. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S180","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182387d98","article-title":"The influence of morphology on cervical injury characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Stemper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00159-3","article-title":"Gender dependent cervical spine segmental kinematics during whiplash","volume":"36","author":"Stemper","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000134563.10718.A7","article-title":"Gender- and region-dependent local facet joint kinematics in rear impact","volume":"29","author":"Stemper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.06.013","article-title":"Effects of abnormal posture on capsular ligament elongations in a computational model subjected to whiplash loading","volume":"38","author":"Stemper","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"Population-based estimates of whiplash injury using NASS CDS data\u2013biomed 2009244249\n            StorvikS. G.\n            StemperB. D.\n            YoganandanN.\n            PintarFA.\n          19369770Biomed. Sci. Instrum.452009"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E348","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208010-00014","article-title":"Sagittal alignment of cervical flexion and extension","volume":"27","author":"Takeshima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B76","article-title":"requency and risk of cervical spine distortion injuries in passenger car accidents: significance of human factors data,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI), 1998","author":"Temming","year":"1998"},{"key":"B77","article-title":"Protection against rear-end accidents,","volume-title":"International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference (IRCOBI)","author":"Thomas","year":"1982"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1155\/2003\/839740","article-title":"Neck kinematics in rear-end impacts","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"B79","article-title":"Geometrical effects on the mechanism of cervical spine injury due to head impact,","volume-title":"International Research Council of Biomechanics of Injury Conference","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1999"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198611000-00001","article-title":"Experimental spinal injuries with vertical impact","volume":"11","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.684043\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T07:28:39Z","timestamp":1627889319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.684043\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2021.684043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.684043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"article-number":"684043"}}