{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:10:08Z","timestamp":1787026208141,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We recently showed that a decellularized leaf scaffold can be loaded with polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based rapamycin nanoparticles, this leaf patch can then inhibit venous neointimal hyperplasia in a rat inferior vena cava (IVC) venoplasty model. IL-33 plays a role in the neointimal formation after vascular injury. We hypothesized that plant leaves can absorb therapeutic drug solution and can be used as a patch with drug delivery capability, and plant leaves absorbed with IL-33 antibody can decrease venous neointimal hyperplasia in the rat IVC venoplasty model.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A human spiral saphenous vein (SVG) graft implanted in the popliteal vein was harvested from a patient with trauma and analyzed by immunofluorescence. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 6\u20138\u00a0weeks) were used to create the IVC patch venoplasty model. Plant leaves absorbed with rhodamine, distilled water (control), rapamycin, IL-33, and IL-33 antibody were cut into patches (3 \u00d7 1.5\u00a0mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and implanted into the rat IVC. Patches were explanted at day 14 for analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Result:<\/jats:bold>\n                    At day 14, in the patch absorbed with rhodamine group, immunofluorescence showed rhodamine fluorescence in the neointima, inside the patch, and in the adventitia. There was a significantly thinner neointima in the plant patch absorbed with rapamycin (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0231) compared to the patch absorbed with distilled water. There was a significantly large number of IL-33 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.006) and IL-1\u03b2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.012) positive cells in the human SVG neointima compared to the human great saphenous vein. In rats, there was a significantly thinner neointima, a smaller number of IL-33 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0006) and IL-1\u03b2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0008) positive cells in the IL-33 antibody-absorbed patch group compared to the IL-33-absorbed patch group.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We found that the natural absorption capability of plant leaves means they can absorb drug solution efficiently and can also be used as a novel drug delivery system and venous patch. IL-33 plays a role in venous neointimal hyperplasia both in humans and rats; neutralization of IL-33 by IL-33 antibody can be a therapeutic method to decrease venous neointimal hyperplasia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.742285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:51:56Z","timestamp":1635468716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Novel Plant Leaf Patch Absorbed With IL-33 Antibody Decreases Venous Neointimal hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Boao","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiche","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunbo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hualong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2018.11.040","article-title":"Treatment of Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent Restenosis by a Sirolimus- or Paclitaxel-Coated Balloon","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovasc. 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