{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:55:45Z","timestamp":1791597345358,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-back and neck-shoulder pains caused by intervertebral disk degeneration are highly prevalent among middle-aged and elderly people globally. The main therapy method for intervertebral disk degeneration is surgical intervention, including interbody fusion, disk replacement, and diskectomy. However, the stress changes caused by traditional fusion surgery are prone to degeneration of adjacent segments, while non-fusion surgery has problems, such as ossification of artificial intervertebral disks. To overcome these drawbacks, biomaterials that could endogenously regenerate the intervertebral disk and restore the biomechanical function of the intervertebral disk is imperative. Intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous tissue, primarily comprising nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus. Nucleus pulposus (NP) contains high water and proteoglycan, and its main function is absorbing compressive forces and dispersing loads from physical activities to other body parts. Annulus fibrosus (AF) is a multilamellar structure that encloses the NP, comprises water and collagen, and supports compressive and shear stress during complex motion. Therefore, different biomaterials and tissue engineering strategies are required for the functional recovery of NP and AF based on their structures and function. Recently, great progress has been achieved on biomaterials for NP and AF made of functional polymers, such as chitosan, collagen, polylactic acid, and polycaprolactone. However, scaffolds regenerating intervertebral disk remain unexplored. Hence, several tissue engineering strategies based on cell transplantation and growth factors have been extensively researched. In this review, we summarized the functional polymers and tissue engineering strategies of NP and AF to endogenously regenerate degenerative intervertebral disk. The perspective and challenges of tissue engineering strategies using functional polymers, cell transplantation, and growth factor for generating degenerative intervertebral disks were also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.766087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T05:08:59Z","timestamp":1634879339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Advances and Prospects in Biomaterials for Intervertebral Disk Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chunxu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiushi","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24519","article-title":"Granulocyte\u2010Colony Stimulating Factor Improves Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Experimental Adult Male Rats: A Microscopic and Radiological Study","volume":"304","author":"Abdel Fattah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb3040177","article-title":"Role of Chondrocytes in Cartilage Formation, Progression of Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Akkiraju","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4009","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Is Associated With Aberrant Endplate Remodeling and Reduced Small Molecule Transport","volume":"35","author":"Ashinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v041a24","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Regeneration: a Motion Segment Perspective","volume":"41","author":"Ashinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901186","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901186","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species\u2010Scavenging Scaffold with Rapamycin for Treatment of Intervertebral Disk Degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31828b2e2f","article-title":"Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Study of Anular Repair in Lumbar Discectomy","volume":"38","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120057","article-title":"Control of Adhesive Ligand Density for Modulation of Nucleus Pulposus Cell Phenotype","volume":"250","author":"Barcellona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.06.045","article-title":"Bioactive In Situ Crosslinkable Polymer-Peptide Hydrogel for Cell Delivery to the Intervertebral Disc in a Rat Model","volume":"131","author":"Barcellona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000150833.93248.09","article-title":"2004 Young Investigator Award Winner: Vertebral Endplate Marrow Contact Channel Occlusions and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"30","author":"Benneker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23627","article-title":"Structure-function Relationships at the Human Spinal Disc-Vertebra Interface","volume":"36","author":"Berg-Johansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198203000-00002","article-title":"Vertebral End-Plate Changes With Aging of Human Vertebrae","volume":"7","author":"Bernick","year":"1982","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.04.034","article-title":"Matrix-Assisted Cell Transfer for Intervertebral Disc Cell Therapy","volume":"331","author":"Bertram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715912115","article-title":"Silk-Based Multilayered Angle-Ply Annulus Fibrosus Construct to Recapitulate Form and Function of the Intervertebral Disc","volume":"115","author":"Bhunia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c04713","article-title":"Modulation of Local Overactive Inflammation via Injectable Hydrogel Microspheres","volume":"21","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0889-6","article-title":"Nerves Are More Abundant Than Blood Vessels in the Degenerate Human Intervertebral Disc","volume":"17","author":"Binch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2170","article-title":"Differentiation of Adipose Stem Cells Seeded Towards Annulus Fibrosus Cells on a Designed Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate) Scaffold Prepared by Stereolithography","volume":"11","author":"Blanquer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.03.030","article-title":"Multi-Laminate Annulus Fibrosus Repair Scaffold With an Interlamellar Matrix Enhances Impact Resistance, Prevents Herniation and Assists in Restoring Spinal Kinematics","volume":"95","author":"Borem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.10.002","article-title":"Injectable Disc-Derived ECM Hydrogel Functionalised with Chondroitin Sulfate for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration","volume":"117","author":"Borrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.03.013","article-title":"Biomaterials for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration and Repair","volume":"129","author":"Bowles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8893819","article-title":"Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Intervertebral Disc Degeneration In Vivo and In Vitro: A Critical Review","volume":"2020","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longevity."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-020-0087-2","article-title":"Melatonin Alleviates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Disrupting the IL-1\u03b2\/NF-\u03baB-NLRP3 Inflammasome Positive Feedback Loop","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200802714925","article-title":"Expression of Laminin Isoforms, Receptors, and Binding Proteins Unique to Nucleus Pulposus Cells of Immature Intervertebral Disc","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0085-5","article-title":"Sirt6 Overexpression Suppresses Senescence and Apoptosis of Nucleus Pulposus Cells by Inducing Autophagy in a Model of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a01b3f","article-title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Lumbar Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in a Population Study of One Thousand Forty-Three Individuals","volume":"34","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24342","article-title":"Use of Allogeneic Hypoxic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Disc Degeneration in Rabbits","volume":"37","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888x10666150113112149","article-title":"Understanding Nucleus Pulposus Cell Phenotype: a Prerequisite for Stem Cell Based Therapies to Treat Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1089","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1089","article-title":"Generation of an In Vitro Model of the Outer Annulus Fibrosus\u2010cartilage Interface","volume":"3","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JOR Spine."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2213-5","article-title":"Annular Closure Device for Disc Herniation: Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcome and Complications","volume":"19","author":"Choy","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbz011","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of 3D Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds With Angle-Ply Architecture for Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering","volume":"6","author":"Christiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.05.013","article-title":"Substrate Stiffness- and Topography-Dependent Differentiation of Annulus Fibrosus-Derived Stem Cells Is Regulated by Yes-Associated Protein","volume":"92","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01823","article-title":"Substrate Topography Regulates Differentiation of Annulus Fibrosus-Derived Stem Cells via CAV1-YAP-Mediated Mechanotransduction","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1529-9430(21)00215-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.04.018","article-title":"Metal-on-Metal versus Metal-On-Plastic Artificial Discs in Two-Level Anterior Cervical Disc Replacement: a Meta-Analysis With Follow-Up of 5 Years or More","author":"Coban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0845011","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036623","article-title":"Structural and Chemical Modification to Improve Adhesive and Material Properties of Fibrin-Genipin for Repair of Annulus Fibrosus Defects in Intervertebral Disks","volume":"139","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202003_20641","article-title":"S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein-2 (Skp2) Promotes Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation by Inhibition of P27 in Attenuating Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2016-0033","article-title":"Systemic Delivery of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for In Situ Intervertebral Disc Regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Translational Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051730","article-title":"Modulation of the In Vivo Inflammatory Response by Pro- Versus Anti-Inflammatory Intervertebral Disc Treatments","volume":"21","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32130-X","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) for 333 Diseases and Injuries and Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2016: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"DALYs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171643","article-title":"Growth Factors, Matrices, and Forces Combine and Control Stem Cells","volume":"324","author":"Discher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120309","article-title":"Development of a Two-Part Biomaterial Adhesive Strategy for Annulus Fibrosus Repair and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Implant Herniation Risk","volume":"258","author":"DiStefano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209428","article-title":"The Intervertebral Disc Contains Intrinsic Circadian Clocks that Are Regulated by Age and Cytokines and Linked to Degeneration","volume":"76","author":"Dudek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001180","article-title":"Complications and Rates of Subsequent Lumbar Surgery Following Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty and Lumbar Fusion","volume":"41","author":"Eliasberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2411","article-title":"Arthritis Gene Therapy's First Death","volume":"10","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1570267","article-title":"Types I and II Collagens in Intervertebral Disc. Interchanging Radial Distributions in Annulus Fibrosus","volume":"157","author":"Eyre","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14022","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802725RRR","article-title":"Mechanosensitive Transcriptional Coactivators MRTF\u2010A and YAP\/TAZ Regulate Nucleus Pulposus Cell Phenotype Through Cell Shape","volume":"33","author":"Fearing","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB j."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.02.024","article-title":"Gene Therapy for Nucleus Pulposus Regeneration by Heme Oxygenase-1 Plasmid DNA Carried by Mixed Polyplex Micelles With Thermo-Responsive Heterogeneous Coronas","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120213","article-title":"Nanofibrous Spongy Microspheres to Deliver Rabbit Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Anti-miR-199a to Regenerate Nucleus Pulposus and Prevent Calcification","volume":"256","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2020-0146","article-title":"Cellular Transplantation and Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections for Discogenic Pain: a Contemporary Review","volume":"16","author":"Fiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regenerative Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.05.002","article-title":"Decellularized Scaffolds for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration","volume":"38","author":"Fiordalisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.08.101","article-title":"Stem Cell Homing in Musculoskeletal Injury","volume":"32","author":"Fong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.11.013","article-title":"Photocrosslinkable Laminin-Functionalized Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogel for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Francisco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.a5638","article-title":"Multisociety Consensus Quality Improvement Revised Consensus Statement for Endovascular Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"39","author":"Baxter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiology."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.05.017","article-title":"An Interpenetrating Network-Strengthened and Toughened Hydrogel that Supports Cell-Based Nucleus Pulposus Regeneration","volume":"136","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101233","article-title":"Physiological Loading Can Restore the Proteoglycan Content in a Model of Early IVD Degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Gawri","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200407000-00020","article-title":"Adjacent Segment Degeneration in the Lumbar Spine","volume":"86","author":"Ghiselli","year":"2004","journal-title":"The J. Bone Jt. Surgery-American."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027170","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Ligand and Stiffness Modulate Immature Nucleus Pulposus Cell-Cell Interactions","volume":"6","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20324","article-title":"Quantifying the Contributions of Structure to Annulus Fibrosus Mechanical Function Using a Nonlinear, Anisotropic, Hyperelastic Model","volume":"25","author":"Guerin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.12.003","article-title":"Low Rate Loading-Induced Convection Enhances Net Transport into the Intervertebral Disc In Vivo","volume":"15","author":"Gullbrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12942","article-title":"The Mechanisms and Functions of GDF \u20105 in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.07.007","article-title":"BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues, T.Formation of a Nucleus Pulposus-Cartilage Endplate Construct In Vitro","volume":"27","author":"Hamilton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06728-0","article-title":"ISSLS Prize in Basic Science 2021: a Novel Inducible System to Regulate Transgene Expression of TIMP1","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1872227","article-title":"HIF1A Alleviates Compression-Induced Apoptosis of Nucleus Pulposus Derived Stem Cells via Upregulating Autophagy","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36434","article-title":"Decellularization and Characterization of a Whole Intervertebral Disk Xenograft Scaffold","volume":"106","author":"Hensley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01832-2","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expedite Chondrogenesis in 3D Human Degenerative Disc Cell Cultures","volume":"11","author":"Hingert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2735","article-title":"Chondrocyte Death after Mechanically Overloading Degenerated Human Intervertebral Disk Explants Is Associated With a Structurally Impaired Pericellular Matrix","volume":"12","author":"Hofmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205393","article-title":"Reflecting on the Global Burden of Musculoskeletal Conditions: Lessons Learnt From the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study and the Next Steps Forward","volume":"74","author":"Hoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21456","article-title":"Calcification in Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Scoliosis","volume":"29","author":"Hristova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7412304","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc-Derived Stem\/Progenitor Cells as a Promising Cell Source for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration","volume":"2018","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Int."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.08.011","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effect of TBK1 in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration via Coordinating Selective Autophagy and Autophagic Functions","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v12.i8.803","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Stem Cells as an Emerging Therapeutic Strategy for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Stem. Cells."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092200402","article-title":"Human Intervertebral Disc: Structure and Function","volume":"220","author":"Humzah","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150224","article-title":"Alterations in the Mechanical Behavior of the Human Lumbar Nucleus Pulposus With Degeneration and Aging","volume":"15","author":"Iatridis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.01.050","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc Regeneration With an Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Tissue-Engineered Construct in a Rat Nucleotomy Model","volume":"87","author":"Ishiguro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.1039\/d1tb00598g","article-title":"Designing Aromatic N-Cadherin Mimetic Short-Peptide-Based Bioactive Scaffolds for Controlling Cellular Behaviour","volume":"9","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105281","article-title":"Regeneration in Spinal Disease: Therapeutic Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha in Regeneration of Degenerative Intervertebral Disc","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12817","article-title":"Nerves and Blood Vessels in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs Are Confined to Physically Disrupted Tissue","volume":"233","author":"Lama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101227","article-title":"New Insights Into the Interplay between miRNAs and Autophagy in the Aging of Intervertebral Discs","volume":"65","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.09.011","article-title":"Injection of AAV2-BMP2 and AAV2-TIMP1 Into the Nucleus Pulposus Slows the Course of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in an In Vivo Rabbit Model","volume":"12","author":"Leckie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-7718","article-title":"Do the Positioning Variables of the Cage Contribute to Adjacent Facet Joint Degeneration? Radiological and Clinical Analysis Following Intervertebral Fusion","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.1775","article-title":"Chondrocyte Phenotype in Engineered Fibrous Matrix Is Regulated by Fiber Size","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00583","article-title":"Preclinical Ex-Vivo Testing of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in a Bovine Intervertebral Degenerative Disc Model","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.040","article-title":"Polyurethane Scaffold with In Situ Swelling Capacity for Nucleus Pulposus Replacement","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15012","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2015.12","article-title":"The Effect of the Fibre Orientation of Electrospun Scaffolds on the Matrix Production of Rabbit Annulus Fibrosus-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15709","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c02487","article-title":"Overall Structure Construction of an Intervertebral Disk Based on Highly Anisotropic Wood Hydrogel Composite Materials With Mechanical Matching and Buckling Buffering","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2020.1812038","article-title":"Regeneration of Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Using a DAFM\/PECUU-Blended Electrospun Scaffold","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Edition."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01136-9","article-title":"Expression of HSPA8 in Nucleus Pulposus of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc and Its Effect on Degree of Degeneration","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1451","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003667","article-title":"The Optimal Timing of Hydrogel Injection for Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-020-00125-x","article-title":"Painful Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Inflammation: From Laboratory Evidence to Clinical Interventions","volume":"9","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.05.005","article-title":"The Role of End Plate Poromechanical Properties on the Nutrient Availability in the Intervertebral Disc","volume":"22","author":"Malandrino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.08.002","article-title":"Burden of Disability Due to Musculoskeletal (MSK) Disorders","volume":"28","author":"March","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.008128","article-title":"Tracing Notochord-Derived Cells Using a Noto-Cre Mouse: Implications for Intervertebral Disc Development","volume":"5","author":"McCann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27591","article-title":"Measurement of Three\u2010Dimensional Internal Dynamic Strains in the Intervertebral Disc of the Lumbar Spine With Mechanical Loading and Golden\u2010Angle Radial Sparse Parallel\u2010Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"54","author":"Menon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1599207","article-title":"Autophagy: Process and Function","volume":"21","author":"Mizushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Development."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaq0597","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaq0597","article-title":"Implantation of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Prevents the Pain Phenotype in a Rat Model of Intervertebral Disc Injury","volume":"4","author":"Mohd Isa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.07.008","article-title":"In Vivo annular Repair Using High-Density Collagen Gel Seeded With Annulus Fibrosus Cells","volume":"79","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3902","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Assembly: a Multiscale Deconstruction","volume":"15","author":"Mouw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E131","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d52b9e","article-title":"Effect of Oxygen Levels on Proteoglycan Synthesis by Intervertebral Disc Cells","volume":"36","author":"Mwale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.01.021","article-title":"Matrix Stiffness Determines the Fate of Nucleus Pulposus-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"49","author":"Navaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0215","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering Using a Novel Hyaluronic Acid-Nanofibrous Scaffold (HANFS) Amalgam","volume":"14","author":"Nesti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. A."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEC.2020.0104","article-title":"Decellularized Intervertebral Discs: A Potential Replacement for Degenerate Human Discs","volume":"26","author":"Norbertczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. C: Methods."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v027a10","article-title":"CCL5\/RANTES Is a Key Chemoattractant Released by Degenerative Intervertebral Discs in Organ Culture","volume":"27","author":"Pattappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3014","article-title":"Genipin\u2010Crosslinked Decellularized Annulus Fibrosus Hydrogels Induces Tissue\u2010Specific Differentiation of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Intervertebral Disc Regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00056","article-title":"Biomaterials-Induced Stem Cells Specific Differentiation Into Intervertebral Disc Lineage Cells","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.03.014","article-title":"Decellularized Disc Hydrogels for hBMSCs Tissue-Specific Differentiation and Tissue Regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioactive Mater."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2020.0196","article-title":"Putting the Pieces in Place: Mobilizing Cellular Players to Improve Annulus Fibrosus Repair","volume":"27","author":"Peredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. B: Rev."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.02.020","article-title":"Risk Factors for Reoperation After Lumbar Total Disc Replacement at Short-, Mid-, and Long-Term Follow-Up","volume":"21","author":"Perfetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.11.049","article-title":"A Combined Biomaterial and Cellular Approach for Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Repair","volume":"42","author":"Pirvu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0054","article-title":"The In Vitro Migration Capacity of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Comparison of Chemokine and Growth Factor Chemotactic Activities","volume":"25","author":"Ponte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22789","article-title":"Defining the Phenotype of Young Healthy Nucleus Pulposus Cells: Recommendations of the Spine Research Interest Group at the 2014 Annual ORS Meeting","volume":"33","author":"Risbud","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00019","article-title":"Histology and Pathology of the Human Intervertebral Disc","volume":"88","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg Am."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198902000-00005","article-title":"Biochemical and Structural Properties of the Cartilage End-Plate and its Relation to the Intervertebral Disc","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041579","article-title":"Genetic Therapy for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"22","author":"Roh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00341-1","article-title":"Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction With Small Molecules in Intervertebral Disc Aging and Degeneration","volume":"43","author":"Saberi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geroscience."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.13","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration: Obstacles and Solutions","volume":"11","author":"Sakai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.02.015","article-title":"A Photopolymerized Composite Hydrogel and Surgical Implanting Tool for a Nucleus Pulposus Replacement","volume":"88","author":"Schmocker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.08.006","article-title":"Are Modic Changes Associated With Intervertebral Disc Cytokine Profiles?","volume":"17","author":"Schroeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00437","article-title":"Tissue Engineering the Annulus Fibrosus Using 3D Rings of Electrospun PCL:PLLA Angle-Ply Nanofiber Sheets","volume":"7","author":"Shamsah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7506","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.34898","article-title":"Human iPSCs Can Be Differentiated into Notochordal Cells that Reduce Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in a Porcine Model","volume":"9","author":"Sheyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.10.008","article-title":"A Biomimetic Artificial Intervertebral Disc System Composed of a Cubic Three-Dimensional Fabric","volume":"10","author":"Shikinami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181a28533","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homing Capacity","volume":"87","author":"Sordi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082207","article-title":"Chemokine CCL25 Induces Migration and Extracellular Matrix Production of Anulus Fibrosus-Derived Cells","volume":"19","author":"Stich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.06.022","article-title":"A 3D-Bioprinted Dual Growth Factor-Releasing Intervertebral Disc Scaffold Induces Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus Reconstruction","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioactive Mater."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4245-8","article-title":"Clinical Trials of Intervertebral Disc Regeneration: Current Status and Future Developments","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Orthopaedics (Sicot)."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.12.013","article-title":"Effect of Perfluorotributylamine-Enriched Alginate on Nucleus Pulposus Cell: Implications for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration","volume":"82","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119781","article-title":"Reduced Nucleotomy-Induced Intervertebral Disc Disruption Through Spontaneous Spheroid Formation by the Low Adhesive Scaffold Collagen (LASCol)","volume":"235","author":"Takeoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22605","article-title":"A Comparison of Intravenous and Intradiscal Delivery of Multipotential Stem Cells on the Healing of Injured Intervertebral Disk","volume":"32","author":"Tam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144889","article-title":"Advanced Strategies for the Regeneration of Lumbar Disc Annulus Fibrosus","volume":"21","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2019.10.007","article-title":"TonEBP-Deficiency Accelerates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Underscored by Matrix Remodeling, Cytoskeletal Rearrangements, and Changes in Proinflammatory Gene Expression","volume":"87","author":"Tessier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3177-2","article-title":"Disc Cell Therapies: Critical Issues","volume":"23","author":"Tibiletti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0596-545","article-title":"Immune Responses to Transgene-Encoded Proteins Limit the Stability of Gene Expression after Injection of Replication-Defective Adenovirus Vectors","volume":"2","author":"Tripathy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2013.01.007","article-title":"Protecting Facet Joints Post-Lumbar Discectomy: Barricaid Annular Closure Device Reduces Risk of Facet Degeneration","volume":"115","author":"Trummer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/term.433","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Injection in Degenerated Intervertebral Disc: Cell Leakage May Induce Osteophyte Formation","volume":"6","author":"Vadal\u00e0","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.10.018","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc Recovery after Dynamic or Static Loading In Vitro: Is There a Role for the Endplate?","volume":"40","author":"van der Veen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393930","article-title":"Effect of Anular Closure on Disk Height Maintenance and Reoperated Recurrent Herniation Following Lumbar Diskectomy: Two-Year Data","volume":"76","author":"Vukas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. A. Cent. Eur. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.05.002","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Intradiscal Gene Transfer: a Pilot Study","volume":"6","author":"Wallach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2021.3070","article-title":"Fabrication of a Polylactide-Glycolide\/Poly-\u03b5-Caprolactone\/Dextran\/Plastrum Testudinis Extract Composite Anti-Inflammation Nanofiber Membrane via Electrospinning for Annulus Fibrosus Regeneration","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204173142097486","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731420974861","article-title":"Regeneration of Skeletal System With Genipin Crosslinked Biomaterials","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000925","article-title":"Porosity and Thickness of the Vertebral Endplate Depend on Local Mechanical Loading","volume":"40","author":"Zehra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.03.032","article-title":"Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1\u03b1-Encapsulated Albumin\/heparin Nanoparticles for Induced Stem Cell Migration and Intervertebral Disc Regeneration In Vivo","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0372-6","article-title":"The Circadian Rhythm in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: an Autophagy Connection","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9503562","article-title":"Cell Senescence: A Nonnegligible Cell State Under Survival Stress in Pathology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longevity."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201501329","article-title":"Simultaneous Nano- and Microscale Control of Nanofibrous Microspheres Self-Assembled From Star-Shaped Polymers","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2007.08.001","article-title":"The Cell Biology of Intervertebral Disc Aging and Degeneration","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-020-00305-0","article-title":"Mechanical Stimulation and Diameter of Fiber Scaffolds Affect the Differentiation of Rabbit Annulus Fibrous Stem Cells","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.09.039","article-title":"Modulation of the Gene Expression of Annulus Fibrosus-Derived Stem Cells Using Poly(ether Carbonate Urethane)Urea Scaffolds of Tunable Elasticity","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.766087\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T05:09:02Z","timestamp":1634879342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.766087\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"references-count":144,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2021.766087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2021.766087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"article-number":"766087"}}