{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T14:06:37Z","timestamp":1758636397717,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005057","name":"National Tsing Hua University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110F7MAIE1 110F7MBME1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110F7MAIE1 110F7MBME1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>) is one of the most prevalent preventable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the world. In women, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection can lead to long-term complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and other related conditions such as ectopic pregnancies and even tubal factor infertility. These complications are preventable given early detection and clinical intervention, but these efforts are often hampered by asymptomatic silent infections, and non-compliance to screenings for STDs. Some women do not get tested out of concerns for violation of privacy, and fear of discomfort. Clinicians often use a multitude of tests to determine if a patient is infected by <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, including a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test of First catch urine (FCU) samples. However, these tend to be inconvenient to store and transport, as they carry risk of spillage and have stringent refrigeration requirements. Moreover, given the gold-standard recommendations set forth by the Centres for Disease Control (CDC), the current technique can be inconvenient in remote areas where refrigeration and transport may not always be reliable. The current study therefore looks at the potential of a self-collected vaginal swab device that relies on Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs), is dry-stored, and does not require refrigeration, to detect the presence of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> in women. The study found evidence to suggest that the self-collection device has the potential to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> in women when compared to doctor-collected vaginal discharge samples as the designated standard, FCU, and blood serology. Moreover, as a self-collection device it has the potential to break down some of the barriers to STD screening especially in young women, such as violation of privacy. The device therefore has a potential to encourage screening and therefore a potentially effective tool in the fight against the spread of preventable sexually transmitted diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1008761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T05:13:22Z","timestamp":1664860402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A pilot clinical validation study of a self-collected vaginal swab device for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis in women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Muljadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Min","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Yao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Chang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Ju","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Summary of notifiable diseases\u2010\u2010United States, 2011","year":"2013","author":"Adams","key":"B1"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-120","article-title":"Chlamydial infection among patients attending STD and genitourinary clinics in Taiwan","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC public Health"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"58","article-title":"Fisher\u2019s exact test","volume":"25","author":"Connelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medsurg Nurs."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008056","article-title":"Acceptability of chlamydia screening using self-taken vaginal swabs","volume":"19","author":"Doshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107360","article-title":"The difference between IgM and IgG antibody prevalence in different serological assays for COVID-19; lessons from the examination of healthcare workers","volume":"92","author":"Kobashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp035","article-title":"Epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women and the cost-effectiveness of screening","volume":"16","author":"Land","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. update"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03405457","article-title":"A pilot project for chlamydia screening in adolescent females using self-testing","volume":"99","author":"Langille","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02387-08","article-title":"Performance of three nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of self-collected vaginal swabs obtained via an Internet-based screening program","volume":"47","author":"Masek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-0070(84)80008-x","article-title":"Sources of anxiety about pelvic examinations among adolescent females","volume":"5","author":"Millstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health Care"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2016.09.525","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"volume-title":"International classification of diseases:[9th] ninth revision, basic tabulation list with alphabetic index","year":"1978","author":"Organization","key":"B11"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1086\/318139","article-title":"Home sampling versus conventional swab sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: A cluster-randomized 1-year follow-up study","volume":"31","author":"\u00d8stergaard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae\u20142014. MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report","volume":"63","author":"Papp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Recomm. reports\/Centers Dis. Control"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000000858","article-title":"The proportion of young women tested for chlamydia who had urogenital symptoms in physician offices","volume":"45","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex. Trans. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.21276\/obgyn.2020.6.2.8","article-title":"Detection of chlamydial antibodies in women with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility","volume":"6","author":"Perhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Indian J. Obgyn"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199810000-00003","article-title":"Patterns of general health care and STD services use among high-risk youth in Denver participating in community-based urine chlamydia screening","volume":"25","author":"Rietmeijer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.18.228486","article-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: Global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"97","author":"Rowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.8.3784-3789.2003","article-title":"Vaginal swabs are appropriate specimens for diagnosis of genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"41","author":"Schachter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(86)90097-0","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases--speed has a price","volume":"4","author":"Schachter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.9.4395-4399.2003","article-title":"Comparing first-void urine specimens, self-collected vaginal swabs, and endocervical specimens to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by a nucleic acid amplification test","volume":"41","author":"Shafer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.08.008","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility","volume":"216","author":"Tsevat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(96)70603-8","article-title":"The vaginal introitus: A novel site for Chlamydia trachomatis testing in women","volume":"174","author":"Wiesenfeld","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200106000-00003","article-title":"Self-collection of vaginal swabs for the detection of Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis: Opportunity to encourage sexually transmitted disease testing among adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Wiesenfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(18)30159-2","article-title":"Advancing the public health applications of Chlamydia trachomatis serology","volume":"18","author":"Woodhall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1008761\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T05:13:29Z","timestamp":1664860409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1008761\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1008761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1008761","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-4185"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"article-number":"1008761"}}