{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:03:11Z","timestamp":1791993791612,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The prevalency of lung disease has increased worldwide, especially in the aging population. It is essential to develop novel disease models, that are superior to traditional models. Organoids are three-dimensional (3D)\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    structures that produce from self-organizing and differentiating stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or adult stem cells (ASCs). They can recapitulate the\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    cellular heterogeneity, genetic characteristics, structure, and functionality of original tissues. Drug responses of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are consistent with that of patients, and show correlations with genetic alterations. Thus, organoids have proven to be valuable in studying the biology of disease, testing preclinical drugs and developing novel therapies. In recent years, organoids have been successfully applied in studies of a variety of lung diseases, such as lung cancer, influenza, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. In this review, we provide an update on the generation of organoid models for these diseases and their applications in basic and translational research, highlighting these signs of progress in pathogenesis study, drug screening, personalized medicine and immunotherapy. We also discuss the current limitations and future perspectives in organoid models of lung diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1066869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:45:08Z","timestamp":1670460308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Organoid technology and applications in lung diseases: Models, mechanism research and therapy opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jingyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2017.12.005","article-title":"Personalized cancer medicine: An organoid approach","volume":"36","author":"Aboulkheyr Es","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.031","article-title":"COVID-19: Discovery, diagnostics and drug development","volume":"74","author":"Asselah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7667","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147667","article-title":"The use of stem cell-derived organoids in disease modeling: An update","volume":"22","author":"Azar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1806175","article-title":"Organoids - preclinical models of human disease","volume":"380","author":"Ballard","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med. Overseas. Ed."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0248-y","article-title":"Organoids in immunological research","volume":"20","author":"Bar-Ephraim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1086\/644601","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum infection rapidly induces a protective innate immune response involving type I interferon","volume":"200","author":"Barakat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1172\/jci68782","article-title":"Type 2 alveolar cells are stem cells in adult lung","volume":"123","author":"Barkauskas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Small cell lung cancer","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Basumallik","year":"2021"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31854-8","article-title":"A multimodal iPSC platform for cystic fibrosis drug testing","volume":"13","author":"Berical","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.068","article-title":"Rectal organoids enable personalized treatment of cystic fibrosis","volume":"26","author":"Berkers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101654","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019101654","article-title":"Xenograft and organoid model systems in cancer research","volume":"38","author":"Bleijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.08.005","article-title":"Promises and challenges of organoid-guided precision medicine","volume":"2","author":"Bose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. (N Y)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00076-12","article-title":"Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence","volume":"26","author":"Bouzid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900008","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00008-2019","article-title":"Tropism of influenza B viruses in human respiratory tract explants and airway organoids","volume":"54","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.01.012","article-title":"Small cell lung cancer: Can recent advances in biology and molecular biology Be translated into improved outcomes?","volume":"11","author":"Bunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-016-0740-2","article-title":"Tumor-associated stromal cells as key contributors to the tumor microenvironment","volume":"18","author":"Bussard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.140","article-title":"Interrogating open issues in cancer precision medicine with patient-derived xenografts","volume":"17","author":"Byrne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94798-x","article-title":"Validation of nasospheroids to assay CFTR functionality and modulator responses in cystic fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Calucho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2019_430","article-title":"Application of iPSC to modelling of respiratory diseases","volume":"1237","author":"Calvert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0173-9","article-title":"Comparing and contrasting predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy and targeted therapy of NSCLC","volume":"16","author":"Camidge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3385","article-title":"Advances in the preclinical testing of cancer therapeutic hypotheses","volume":"10","author":"Caponigro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0232-9","article-title":"Tumor organoid-T-cell coculture systems","volume":"15","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1667\/rr14285.1","article-title":"Investigating the radioresistant properties of lung cancer stem cells in the context of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"185","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.03.016","article-title":"MLL3 is a haploinsufficient 7q tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3510","article-title":"A three-dimensional model of human lung development and disease from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.3.121806.154244","article-title":"Mouse models of cancer","volume":"6","author":"Cheon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00422-1","article-title":"A bipotential organoid model of respiratory epithelium recapitulates high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant","volume":"8","author":"Chiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Discov."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031349","article-title":"Establishment and long-term expansion of small cell lung cancer patient-derived tumor organoids","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174298","article-title":"Discovery of a novel CDK7 inhibitor YPN-005 in small cell lung cancer","volume":"907","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.082","article-title":"Modeling development and disease with organoids","volume":"165","author":"Clevers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.017","article-title":"Notch2 is required for inflammatory cytokine-driven goblet cell metaplasia in the lung","volume":"10","author":"Danahay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz196","article-title":"Modeling breast cancer using CRISPR-cas9-mediated engineering of human breast organoids","volume":"112","author":"Dekkers","year":"2020","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3201","article-title":"A functional CFTR assay using primary cystic fibrosis intestinal organoids","volume":"19","author":"Dekkers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000536","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2019-000536","article-title":"Ex vivo lung cancer spheroids resemble treatment response of a patient with NSCLC to chemotherapy and immunotherapy: Case report and translational study","volume":"4","author":"Di Liello","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.107","article-title":"The use of brain organoids to investigate neural development and disease","volume":"18","author":"Di Lullo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.009","article-title":"Generation of tumor-reactive T cells by Co-culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor organoids","volume":"174","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107588","article-title":"Challenges in establishing pure lung cancer organoids limit their utility for personalized medicine","volume":"31","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-18-1538","article-title":"Immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Facts and hopes","volume":"25","author":"Doroshow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0007-6","article-title":"Organoids in cancer research","volume":"18","author":"Drost","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.140566","article-title":"Translational applications of adult stem cell-derived organoids","volume":"144","author":"Drost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.006","article-title":"Organoid culture systems for prostate epithelial and cancer tissue","volume":"11","author":"Drost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109920","article-title":"An airway organoid-based screen identifies a role for the HIF1\u03b1-glycolysis axis in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"37","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4535","article-title":"BRCA-deficient mouse mammary tumor organoids to study cancer-drug resistance","volume":"15","author":"Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.02.007","article-title":"Disease modeling in stem cell-derived 3D organoid systems","volume":"23","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/59610","article-title":"Studying Cryptosporidium infection in 3D tissue-derived human organoid culture systems by microinjection","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05098","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.05098","article-title":"In vitro generation of human pluripotent stem cell derived lung organoids","volume":"4","author":"Dye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070638","article-title":"Human norovirus cultivation in nontransformed stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroid cultures: Success and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Estes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5211","article-title":"Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids","volume":"353","author":"Ettayebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra0910061","article-title":"Airway mucus function and dysfunction","volume":"363","author":"Fahy","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med. Overseas. Ed."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3312","article-title":"Organoids as an in vitro model of human development and disease","volume":"18","author":"Fatehullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.09.007","article-title":"Bioinstructive microparticles for self-assembly of mesenchymal stem Cell-3D tumor spheroids","volume":"185","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-162","article-title":"Airway branching morphogenesis in three dimensional culture","volume":"11","author":"Franzdottir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"751","article-title":"Influenza: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"100","author":"Gaitonde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801005","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"378","author":"Gandhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.08.016","article-title":"Organoid cultures derived from patients with advanced prostate cancer","volume":"159","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.01.019","article-title":"CRISPR-based adenine editors correct nonsense mutations in a cystic fibrosis organoid biobank","volume":"26","author":"Geurts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220038","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0038-2022","article-title":"Air pollution, metabolites and respiratory health across the life-course","volume":"31","author":"Gruzieva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00595-6","article-title":"Receptome profiling identifies KREMEN1 and ASGR1 as alternative functional receptors of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"32","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00251-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00251-20","article-title":"Genetic manipulation of human intestinal enteroids demonstrates the necessity of a functional fucosyltransferase 2 gene for secretor-dependent human norovirus infection","volume":"11","author":"Haga","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-19-1627","article-title":"Generation of genetically engineered mouse lung organoid models for squamous cell lung cancers allows for the study of combinatorial immunotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Hai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0288","article-title":"Basal cells of the human adult airway surface epithelium retain transit-amplifying cell properties","volume":"25","author":"Hajj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2901-9","article-title":"Identification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using lung and colonic organoids","volume":"589","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0177-8","article-title":"Modelling Cryptosporidium infection in human small intestinal and lung organoids","volume":"3","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25183","article-title":"The biology and management of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"553","author":"Herbst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2021.11.008","article-title":"The sodium\/glucose cotransporters as potential therapeutic targets for CF lung diseases revealed by human lung organoid swelling assay","volume":"24","author":"Hirai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. - Methods & Clin. Dev."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)30958-8","article-title":"Lung cancer: Current therapies and new targeted treatments","volume":"389","author":"Hirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22676-1","article-title":"Lung cancer organoids analyzed on microwell arrays predict drug responses of patients within a week","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(18)30236-4","article-title":"Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of influenza virus: An analysis of human airway organoids and ex-vivo bronchus cultures","volume":"6","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14824","article-title":"Mycobacteria-host interactions in human bronchiolar airway organoids","volume":"117","author":"Iakobachvili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21440","article-title":"Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Islami","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20177697","article-title":"Screening drug effects in patient-derived cancer cells links organoid responses to genome alterations","volume":"13","author":"Jabs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.08.014","article-title":"Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional lung alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Jacob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.08.001","article-title":"Evolution of Cryptosporidium in vitro culture","volume":"41","author":"Karanis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182017001937","article-title":"The truth about in vitro culture of Cryptosporidium species","volume":"145","author":"Karanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.005","article-title":"Human lung stem cell-based alveolospheres provide insights into SARS-CoV-2-mediated interferon responses and pneumocyte dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"Katsura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11867-6","article-title":"Patient-derived lung cancer organoids as in vitro cancer models for therapeutic screening","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3034-x","article-title":"Creation of bladder assembloids mimicking tissue regeneration and cancer","volume":"588","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0259-3","article-title":"Human organoids: Model systems for human biology and medicine","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4397","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-20-5026","article-title":"Modeling clinical responses to targeted therapies by patient-derived organoids of advanced lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2012.07.010","article-title":"Stem cell-derived cell cultures and organoids for protozoan parasite propagation and studying host-parasite interaction","volume":"302","author":"Klotz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5792","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-17-3620","article-title":"The integration of radiotherapy with immunotherapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-020-0542-8","article-title":"Persistence of a regeneration-associated, transitional alveolar epithelial cell state in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.11.010","article-title":"Directed induction of functional multi-ciliated cells in proximal airway epithelial spheroids from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Konishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7242415","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial organoids as tools to study epigenetics in gut health and disease","volume":"2019","author":"Kraiczy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0096-5","article-title":"Phenotype molding of stromal cells in the lung tumor microenvironment","volume":"24","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66815","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.66815","article-title":"Human airway cells prevent SARS-CoV-2 multibasic cleavage site cell culture adaptation","volume":"10","author":"Lamers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105912","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105912","article-title":"An organoid-derived bronchioalveolar model for SARS-CoV-2 infection of human alveolar type II-like cells","volume":"40","author":"Lamers","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247125","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247125","article-title":"Organogenesis in a dish: Modeling development and disease using organoid technologies","volume":"345","author":"Lancaster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.03.024","article-title":"Recruited monocytes and type 2 immunity promote lung regeneration following pneumonectomy","volume":"21","author":"Lechner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.039","article-title":"Lung stem cell differentiation in mice directed by endothelial cells via a BMP4-NFATc1-thrombospondin-1 axis","volume":"156","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-020-00059-z","article-title":"Organoid based personalized medicine: From bench to bedside","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Regen."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21171-x","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms for TMPRSS2 expression explain organ-specific inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by enzalutamide","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-04044-w","article-title":"LKB1 deficiency upregulates RELM-alpha to drive airway goblet cell metaplasia","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32045-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 VOC type and biological sex affect molnupiravir efficacy in severe COVID-19 dwarf hamster model","volume":"13","author":"Lieber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110662","article-title":"Progenitor potential of lung epithelial organoid cells in a transplantation model","volume":"39","author":"Louie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01395-z","article-title":"The mini lungs and other organoids helping to beat COVID","volume":"593","author":"Mallapaty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3802","article-title":"Modeling colorectal cancer using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated engineering of human intestinal organoids","volume":"21","author":"Matano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.03.001","article-title":"Efficient derivation of functional human airway epithelium from pluripotent stem cells via temporal regulation of Wnt signaling","volume":"20","author":"McCauley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0104-8","article-title":"Generation of lung organoids from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.08.004","article-title":"In vitro culture systems for the study of apicomplexan parasites in farm animals","volume":"43","author":"Muller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64508","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.64508","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 entry into human airway organoids is serine protease-mediated and facilitated by the multibasic cleavage site","volume":"10","author":"Mykytyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00361-6","volume-title":"KMT2C deficiency promotes small cell lung cancer metastasis through DNMT3A-mediated epigenetic reprogramming","author":"Na","year":"2022"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.027","article-title":"Divergent routes toward Wnt and R-spondin niche independency during human gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"174","author":"Nanki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.021","article-title":"Organoid modeling of the tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"175","author":"Neal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26575","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.26575","article-title":"Human embryonic lung epithelial tips are multipotent progenitors that can be expanded in vitro as long-term self-renewing organoids","volume":"6","author":"Nikolic","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0142-8","article-title":"Cancer immunoediting and resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.21.00662","article-title":"Amivantamab in EGFR exon 20 insertion-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer progressing on platinum chemotherapy: Initial results from the CHRYSALIS phase I study","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5376","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-18-3590","article-title":"Patient-derived cancer organoid cultures to predict sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation","volume":"25","author":"Pasch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00811-w","article-title":"Host metabolism dysregulation and cell tropism identification in human airway and alveolar organoids upon SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"12","author":"Pei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Cell."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00122806","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts migrate and proliferate to CC chemokine ligand 21","volume":"29","author":"Pierce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00723-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00723-19","article-title":"Authentic modeling of human respiratory virus infection in human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids","volume":"10","author":"Porotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.140707","article-title":"Using brain organoids to understand Zika virus-induced microcephaly","volume":"144","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-18-2602","article-title":"Metastatic tumor-in-a-dish, a novel multicellular organoid to study lung colonization and predict therapeutic response","volume":"79","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.02.030","article-title":"3D-3-culture: A tool to unveil macrophage plasticity in the tumour microenvironment","volume":"163","author":"Rebelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-16-3565","article-title":"WEE1 kinase inhibitor AZD1775 has preclinical efficacy in LKB1-deficient non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"77","author":"Richer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00237-21","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00237-21","article-title":"Human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A and B infections in nasal, bronchial, small-airway, and organoid-derived respiratory cultures","volume":"6","author":"Rijsbergen","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683002","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.683002","article-title":"In vitro modelling of respiratory virus infections in human airway epithelial cells \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Rijsbergen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B117","first-page":"e0383121","volume-title":"Modeling infection and tropism of human parainfluenza virus type 3 in ferrets","author":"Rijsbergen","year":"2022"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-018-0006-z","article-title":"Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906850106","article-title":"Basal cells as stem cells of the mouse trachea and human airway epithelium","volume":"106","author":"Rock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00476-z","article-title":"The in vitro multilineage differentiation and maturation of lung and airway cells from human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung progenitors in 3D","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues Toste de Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2018.12.017","article-title":"Enhanced in vitro virus expression using 3-dimensional cell culture spheroids for infection","volume":"265","author":"Rosellini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100300","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018100300","article-title":"Long-term expanding human airway organoids for disease modeling","volume":"38","author":"Sachs","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3014-1","article-title":"Progenitor identification and SARS-CoV-2 infection in human distal lung organoids","volume":"588","author":"Salahudeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009822","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00098-22","article-title":"Generation of human lung organoid cultures from healthy and tumor tissue to study infectious diseases","volume":"96","author":"Salgueiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.15.444128","volume-title":"Discovery of pan-ErbB inhibitors protecting from SARS-CoV-2 replication, inflammation, and lung injury by a drug repurposing screen","author":"Saul","year":"2021"},{"key":"B128","first-page":"493","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis","volume":"84","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiol. Technol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0045322","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00453-22","article-title":"Minilungs from human embryonic stem cells to study the interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the respiratory tract","volume":"10","author":"Sempere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-19-1376","article-title":"Organoid cultures as preclinical models of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ca. A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201610056","article-title":"Organoids: A historical perspective of thinking in three dimensions","volume":"216","author":"Simian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.077","article-title":"Modeling of fibrotic lung disease using 3D organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"27","author":"Strikoudis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17358-3","article-title":"Alveolar regeneration through a Krt8+ transitional stem cell state that persists in human lung fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Strunz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7543698","article-title":"CFTR as a cAMP-dependent regulator of sodium channels","volume":"269","author":"Stutts","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.10.015","article-title":"Disease modeling of pulmonary fibrosis using human pluripotent stem cell-derived alveolar organoids","volume":"16","author":"Suezawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.12.013","article-title":"Engineered cell and tissue models of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"129","author":"Sundarakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.12.013","article-title":"Engineered cell and tissue models of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"129","author":"Sundarakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123253","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123253","article-title":"Vimentin intermediate filament assembly regulates fibroblast invasion in fibrogenic lung injury","volume":"4","author":"Surolia","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91377","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.91377","article-title":"3D pulmospheres serve as a personalized and predictive multicellular model for assessment of antifibrotic drugs","volume":"2","author":"Surolia","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8050481","article-title":"An in vitro system for evaluating molecular targeted drugs using lung patient-derived tumor organoids","volume":"8","author":"Takahashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.046","article-title":"Human airway organoid engineering as a step toward lung regeneration and disease modeling","volume":"113","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.55.091902.103810","article-title":"Mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Thannickal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)59002-X","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis","volume":"59","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"B145","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Adult stem cell-derived complete lung organoid models emulate lung disease in COVID-19","author":"Tindle","year":"2021"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.02.005","article-title":"Revealing tissue-specific SARS-CoV-2 infection and host responses using human stem cell-derived lung and cerebral organoids","volume":"16","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13075","article-title":"Airway organoids as models of human disease","volume":"289","author":"van der Vaart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092472","article-title":"In vivo activation of the p53 pathway by small-molecule antagonists of MDM2","volume":"303","author":"Vassilev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.01.030","article-title":"Organoid models in lung regeneration and cancer","volume":"475","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01443-1","article-title":"A human three-dimensional neural-perivascular 'assembloid' promotes astrocytic development and enables modeling of SARS-CoV-2 neuropathology","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.65","article-title":"The potential of organoids in urological cancer research","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy542","article-title":"HER2 exon 20 insertions in non-small-cell lung cancer are sensitive to the irreversible pan-HER receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor pyrotinib","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.047","article-title":"Self-organized cerebral organoids with human-specific features predict effective drugs to combat Zika virus infection","volume":"21","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2017.06.012","article-title":"Tumor organoids as a pre-clinical cancer model for drug discovery","volume":"24","author":"Weeber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2016-0192","article-title":"Development of a three-dimensional bioengineering technology to generate lung tissue for personalized disease modeling","volume":"6","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2016-0192","article-title":"Development of a three-dimensional bioengineering technology to generate lung tissue for personalized disease modeling","volume":"6","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0337oc","article-title":"Molecular dynamics and theratyping in airway and gut organoids reveal r352q-CFTR conductance defect","volume":"67","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4233","article-title":"Engineered human pluripotent-stem-cell-derived intestinal tissues with a functional enteric nervous system","volume":"23","author":"Workman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01242-2","article-title":"Improvement of the anticancer efficacy of PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade via combination therapy and PD-L1 regulation","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2807","article-title":"Mechanisms of fibrosis: Therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease","volume":"18","author":"Wynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.04.039","article-title":"Organoid technology in cancer precision medicine","volume":"457","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.12.005","article-title":"Engineering stem cell organoids","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.004","article-title":"Three-dimensional human alveolar stem cell culture models reveal infection response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"27","author":"Youk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.06.010","article-title":"Organoid models of tumor immunology","volume":"41","author":"Yuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-20-0116","article-title":"Antitumor activity of amivantamab (JNJ-61186372), an EGFR-MET bispecific antibody, in diverse models of EGFR exon 20 insertion-driven NSCLC","volume":"10","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05010-5","article-title":"Dnah9 mutant mice and organoid models recapitulate the clinical features of patients with PCD and provide an excellent platform for drug screening","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6822","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806308115","article-title":"Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus","volume":"115","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1987.tb00183.x","article-title":"Lung organoid culture","volume":"36","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Differentiation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1066869\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:45:13Z","timestamp":1670460313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1066869\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"references-count":168,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1066869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1066869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"article-number":"1066869"}}