{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:36:25Z","timestamp":1792733785545,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Musculoskeletal disorders of the cervical spine have increased considerably in recent times. To understand the effects of various biomechanical factors, quantifying the differences in disc loads, motion, and muscle force\/activity is necessary. The kinematic, kinetic, or muscle response may vary in a neutral posture due to interindividual differences in segmental mass, cervical disc stiffness, and muscle strength. Therefore, our study aimed to develop an inverse dynamic model of the cervical spine, estimate the differences in disc loads, translations, intradiscal pressure, and muscle force\/activity in a neutral posture and compare these results with data available in the literature. A head\u2013neck complex with nine segments (head, C1\u2013T1) was developed with joints having three rotational and three translational degrees of freedom, 517 nonlinear ligament fibers, and 258 muscle fascicles. A sensitivity analysis was performed to calculate the effect of segmental mass (5th to 95th percentile), translational disc stiffness (0.5\u20131.5), and muscle strength (0.5\u20131.5) on the cervical disc loads (C2\u2013C3 to C7\u2013T1), disc translations, intradiscal pressure, and muscle force\/activity in a neutral posture. In addition, two axial external load conditions (0 and 40\u00a0N) were also considered on the head. The estimated intradiscal pressures (0.2\u20130.56\u00a0MPa) at 0\u00a0N axial load were comparable to <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> measurements found in the literature, whereas at 40\u00a0N, the values were 0.39\u20130.93\u00a0MPa. With increased segmental mass (5th to 95th), the disc loads, translations, and muscle forces\/activities increased to 69% at 0\u00a0N and 34% at 40\u00a0N axial load. With increased disc stiffness (0.5\u20131.5), the maximum differences in axial (&amp;lt;1%) and shear loads (4%) were trivial; however, the translations were reduced by 67%, whereas the differences in individual muscle group forces\/activities varied largely. With increased muscle strength (0.5\u20131.5), the muscle activity decreased by 200%. For 40 vs. 0\u00a0N, the differences in disc loads, translations, and muscle forces\/activities were in the range of 52\u2013129%. Significant differences were estimated in disc loads, translations, and muscle force\/activity in the normal population, which could help distinguish between normal and pathological cervical spine conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.751291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T08:39:34Z","timestamp":1651048774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Sensitivity of the Cervical Disc Loads, Translations, Intradiscal Pressure, and Muscle Activity Due to Segmental Mass, Disc Stiffness, and Muscle Strength in an Upright Neutral Posture"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rizwan","family":"Arshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"El-Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kodjo","family":"Moglo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1109\/5.662875","article-title":"The Visible Human Project","volume":"86","author":"Ackerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. 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