{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:14:37Z","timestamp":1790799277649,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central nervous system leukemia (CNS-L) is caused by leukemic cells infiltrating into the meninges or brain parenchyma and remains the main reason for disease relapse. Currently, it is hard to detect CNS-L accurately by clinically available imaging models due to the relatively low amount of tumor cells, confined blood supply, and the inferior glucose metabolism intensity. Recently, integrin \u03b16-laminin interactions have been identified to mediate CNS-L, which suggests that integrin \u03b16 may be a promising molecular imaging target for the detection of CNS-L. The acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line NALM6 stabled and transfected with luciferase was used to establish the CNS-L mouse model. CNS-L-bearing mice were monitored and confirmed by bioluminescence imaging. Three of our previously developed integrin \u03b16-targeted peptide-based molecular imaging agents, Cy5-S5 for near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), Gd-S5 for magnetic resonance (MR), and <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-S5 for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, were employed for the molecular imaging of these CNS-L-bearing mice. Bioluminescence imaging showed a local intensive signal in the heads among CNS-L-bearing mice; meanwhile, Cy5-S5\/NIRF imaging produced intensive fluorescence intensity in the same head regions. Moreover, Gd-S5\/MR imaging generated superior MR signal enhancement at the site of meninges, which were located between the skull bone and brain parenchyma. Comparatively, MR imaging with the clinically available MR enhancer Gd-DTPA did not produce the distinguishable MR signal in the same head regions. Additionally, <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-S5\/PET imaging also generated focal radio-concentration at the same head regions, which generated nearly 5-times tumor-to-background ratio compared to the clinically available PET radiotracer <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG. Finally, pathological examination identified layer-displayed leukemic cells in the superficial part of the brain parenchyma tissue, and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the overexpression of the integrin \u03b16 within the lesion. These findings suggest the potential application of these integrin \u03b16-targeted molecular imaging agents for the accurate detection of CNS-L.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.812277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T15:00:27Z","timestamp":1645628427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Integrin \u03b16-Targeted Molecular Imaging of Central Nervous System Leukemia in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wenbiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guokai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.11.004","article-title":"Peptide-based Targeted Therapeutics: Focus on Cancer Treatment","volume":"292","author":"Araste","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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