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Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small-diameter vascular grafts have a significant need in peripheral vascular surgery and procedures of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG); however, autografts are not always available, synthetic grafts perform poorly, and allografts and xenografts dilate, calcify, and induce inflammation after implantation. We hypothesized that cross-linking of decellularized xenogeneic vascular grafts would improve the mechanical properties and biocompatibility and reduce inflammation, degradation, and calcification <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. To test this hypothesis, the bovine internal mammary artery (BIMA) was decellularized by detergents and ribozymes with sonication and perfusion. Photooxidation and pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) were used to cross-link the collagen and elastin fibers of decellularized xenografts. Modified grafts\u2019 characteristics and biocompatibility were studied <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>; the grafts were implanted as transposition grafts in the subcutaneous of rats and the abdominal aorta of rabbits. The decellularized grafts were cross-linked by photooxidation and PGG, which improved the grafts\u2019 biomechanical properties and biocompatibility, prevented elastic fibers from early degradation, and reduced inflammation and calcification <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Short-term aortic implants in the rabbits showed collagen regeneration and differentiation of host smooth muscle cells. No occlusion and stenosis occurred due to remodeling and stabilization of the neointima. A good patency rate (100%) was maintained. Notably, implantation of non-treated grafts exhibited marked thrombosis, an inflammatory response, calcification, and elastin degeneration. Thus, photooxidation and PGG cross-linking are potential tools for improving grafts\u2019 biological performance within decellularized small-diameter vascular xenografts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.816513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:42:15Z","timestamp":1648514535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Photooxidation and Pentagalloyl Glucose Cross-Linking Improves the Performance of Decellularized Small-Diameter Vascular Xenograft In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhe","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sixi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongshi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.02.003","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix-Based Biomaterial Scaffolds and the Host Response","volume":"86","author":"Aamodt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328213517579","article-title":"The Use of Sonication Treatment to Decellularize Aortic Tissues for Preparation of Bioscaffolds","volume":"29","author":"Azhim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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