{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:26:39Z","timestamp":1790843199146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports on the latest refinement of the Finite Element Global Human Body Models Consortium 50th percentile (GHBMC M50) adult male head model by the development and incorporation of a new material model into the white matter tissue of the brain. The white matter is represented by an anisotropic visco-hyperelastic material model capable of simulating direction-dependent response of the brain tissue to further improve the bio-fidelity and injury predictive capability of the model. The parameters representing the material were optimized by comparing model responses to seven experimentally reported strain responses of brains of postmortem human subjects (PMHS) subjected to head impact. The head model was subjected to rigorous validation against experimental data on force\u2013deflection responses in the skull and face, intracranial pressure, and brain strain responses from over 34 PMHS head impact experiments. Crash-induced injury indices (CIIs) for facial bone fracture, skull fracture, cerebral contusion, acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs), and diffuse brain injury were developed by reconstructing 32 PMHS and real-world injury cases with the model. Model predicted maximum principal strain (MPS) and stress were determined as fracture CIIs for compact bone and spongy bones, respectively, in the skull and face. Brain responses in terms of MPS, MPS rates, and pressure distribution in injury producing experimental impacts were determined using the model and analyzed with logistic regression and survival analysis to develop CIIs for brain contusions, diffuse brain injuries, and ASDH. The statistical models using logistic regression and survival analysis showed high accuracy with area under the receiver operating curve greater than 0.8. Because of lack of sufficient moderate diffuse brain injury data, a statistical model was not created, but all indications are that the MPS rate is an essential brain response that discriminates between moderate and severe brain injuries. The authors stated that the current GHBMC M50 v.6.0 is an advanced tool for injury prediction and mitigation of injuries in automotive crashes, sports, recreational, and military environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.831595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T03:34:46Z","timestamp":1648524886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Development and Validation of a New Anisotropic Visco-Hyperelastic Human Head Finite Element Model Capable of Predicting Multiple Brain Injuries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ding","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runzhou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-hsu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840802430587","article-title":"A Micromechanical Procedure for Modelling the Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Brain white Matter","volume":"12","author":"Abolfathi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.4271\/912907","article-title":"Force\/Deflection and Fracture Characteristics of the Temporo-Parietal Region of the Human Head","volume":"100","author":"Allsop","year":"1991","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.4271\/881719","article-title":"Facial Impact Response - A Comparison of the Hybrid III Dummy and Human Cadaver","volume":"97","author":"Allsop","year":"1988","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"497","article-title":"Response of Human Skull Bone to Dynamic Compressive Loading","volume":"13","author":"Boruah","year":"2013"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-019-09352-w","article-title":"Fifty Shades of Brain: a Review on the Mechanical Testing and Modeling of Brain Tissue","volume":"27","author":"Budday","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Computat Methods Eng."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.10.036","article-title":"Mechanical Characterization of Human Brain Tissue","volume":"48","author":"Budday","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/bir-2010-0576","article-title":"Fifty Years of Brain Tissue Mechanical Testing: from In Vitro to In Vivo Investigations","volume":"47","author":"Chatelin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.6.950","article-title":"Mechanics of Acute Subdural Hematomas Resulting from Bridging Vein Rupture","volume":"104","author":"Depreitere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jns"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840601003551","article-title":"The Use of Accident Reconstruction for the Analysis of Traumatic Brain Injury Due to Head Impacts Arising from Falls","volume":"9","author":"Doorly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1957.10.3.493","article-title":"Tensile and Compressive Strength of Human Parietal Bone","volume":"10","author":"Evans","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70262-4","article-title":"Incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury in New Zealand: a Population-Based Study","volume":"12","author":"Feigin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.09.020","article-title":"Characterizing white Matter Tissue in Large Strain via Asymmetric Indentation and Inverse Finite Element Modeling","volume":"65","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2006.05.004","article-title":"Brain Tissue Deforms Similarly to Filled Elastomers and Follows Consolidation Theory","volume":"54","author":"Franceschini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Sol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of Finite Element Models for Head Injury Investigation: Reconstruction of Four Real-World Impacts","volume-title":"Stapp Car Crash J.","author":"Franklyn","year":"2005"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0359-5","article-title":"Development of a Full Body CAD Dataset for Computational Modeling: A Multi-Modality Approach","volume":"39","author":"Gayzik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.12.036","article-title":"The Influence of Anisotropy on Brain Injury Prediction","volume":"47","author":"Giordano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4271\/2014-22-0002","article-title":"Evaluation of Axonal Strain as a Predictor for Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries Using Finite Element Modeling","volume":"58","author":"Giordano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-22-0016","article-title":"Investigation of Head Injury Mechanisms Using Neutral Density Technology and High-Speed Biplanar X-ray","volume":"45","author":"Hardy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4271\/2007-22-0002","article-title":"A Study of the Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact","volume":"51","author":"Hardy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"379","article-title":"A Homeomorphic Finite Element Model of the Human Head and Neck","volume-title":"Finite Elements in Biomechanics","author":"Hosey","year":"1981"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.09.001","article-title":"A Comprehensive Experimental Study on Material Properties of Human Brain Tissue","volume":"46","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.4271\/973339","article-title":"Validation of a 3D Anatomic Human Head Model and Replication of Head Impact in Motorcycle Accident by Finite Element Modeling","author":"Kang","year":"1997","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B21","article-title":"Is Head Injury Caused by Linear or Angular Acceleration","volume-title":"Proc. IRCOBI Conference","author":"King","year":"2003"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4271\/2007-22-0003","article-title":"Predictors for Traumatic Brain Injuries Evaluated through Accident Reconstructions","volume":"51","author":"Kleiven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90005-5","article-title":"Insensitivity of Tensile Failure Properties of Human Bridging Veins to Strain Rate: Implications in Biomechanics of Subdural Hematoma","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biomech"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.03.028","article-title":"Experimental Verification of Brain Tissue Incompressibility Using Digital Image Correlation","volume":"4","author":"Libertiaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13727-z","article-title":"Region and Species Dependent Mechanical Properties of Adolescent and Young Adult Brain Tissue","volume":"7","author":"MacManus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0616","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Controlled Cortical Impact Induced Cell Loss","volume":"27","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025101","article-title":"Development of a Finite Element Human Head Model Partially Validated with Thirty Five Experimental Cases","volume":"135","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. biomechanical Eng."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.689","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of Experimental Diffuse Axonal Injury","volume":"12","author":"Meaney","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. neurotrauma"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4271\/960099","article-title":"Head Injury Risk Assessment for Forehead Impacts","author":"Mertz","year":"1996","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00092-4","article-title":"Constitutive Modelling of Brain Tissue: Experiment and Theory","volume":"30","author":"Miller","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00234-2","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue in Tension","volume":"35","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.004","article-title":"Significance of Source and Size in the Mechanical Response of Human Cerebral Blood Vessels","volume":"38","author":"Monson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"An Experimental Model for Closed Head Impact Injury","author":"Nahum","year":"1976"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Intracranial Pressure Dynamics during Head Impact","author":"Nahum","year":"1977"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.12.001","article-title":"Constitutive Modelling of Inelastic Behaviour of Cortical Bone","volume":"30","author":"Natali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2354208","article-title":"A Transversely Isotropic Viscoelastic Constitutive Equation for Brainstem Undergoing Finite Deformation","volume":"128","author":"Ning","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. biomechanical Eng."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.4271\/861896","article-title":"Facial Impact Tolerance and Response","volume":"95","author":"Nyquist","year":"1986","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/53.3.799","article-title":"Concussion in Professional Football: Reconstruction of Game Impacts and Injuries","volume":"53","author":"Pellman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075002","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/7\/075002","article-title":"Compression Stiffening of Brain and its Effect on Mechanosensing by Glioma Cells","volume":"16","author":"Pogoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1449907","article-title":"Regional, Directional, and Age-dependent Properties of the Brain Undergoing Large Deformation","volume":"124","author":"Prange","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. biomechanical Eng."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4271\/851246","article-title":"The Position of the United States Delegation to the ISO Working Group 6 on the Use of HIC in the Automotive Environment","volume":"94","author":"Prasad","year":"1985","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895703","article-title":"Dynamic Response of the Human Head to Impact by Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis","volume":"116","author":"Ruan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. biomechanical Eng."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.03.013","article-title":"Brain Injury Tolerance Limit Based on Computation of Axonal Strain","volume":"92","author":"Sahoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.02.019","article-title":"A Reanalysis of Football Impact Reconstructions for Head Kinematics and Finite Element Modeling","volume":"64","author":"Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4271\/2013-22-0010","article-title":"Development of Brain Injury Criteria (BrIC)","volume":"57","author":"Takhounts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4271\/2003-22-0007","article-title":"On the Development of the SIMon Finite Element Head Model","volume":"47","author":"Takhounts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4271\/2008-22-0001","article-title":"Investigation of Traumatic Brain Injuries Using the Next Generation of Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon) Finite Element Head Model","volume":"52","author":"Takhounts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths - United States, 2007 and 2013","volume":"66","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.4271\/922527","article-title":"Development of a F.E.M. Of the Human Head According to a Specific Test Protocol","volume":"101","author":"Trosseille","year":"1992","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2009.09.001","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue by Indentation: Interregional Variation","volume":"3","author":"van Dommelen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000186950.54075.3B","article-title":"Concussion in Professional Football: Brain Responses by Finite Element Analysis: Part 9","volume":"57","author":"Viano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.4271\/801304","article-title":"Intracranial Pressure-A Brain Injury Criterion","volume":"89","author":"Ward","year":"1980","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.4271\/751163","article-title":"The Development of a Detailed Finite Element Brain Model","author":"Ward","year":"1975","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.659","article-title":"Biomechanics of Skull Fracture","volume":"12","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. neurotrauma"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-22-0017","article-title":"Recent Advances in Brain Injury Research: A New Human Head Model Development and Validation","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1691446","article-title":"A Proposed Injury Threshold for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. biomechanical Eng."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A38","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.29100.abstracts","article-title":"Validation of the Strain Response in the Brain: Recent Update of the GHBMC M50 Head Model","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5634","article-title":"White Matter Anisotropy for Impact Simulation and Response Sampling in Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. neurotrauma"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-22-0007","article-title":"A Reanalysis of Experimental Brain Strain Data: Implication for Finite Element Head Model Validation","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.831595\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T03:34:51Z","timestamp":1648524891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.831595\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2022.831595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.831595","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"article-number":"831595"}}