{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:33:32Z","timestamp":1792622012565,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Customized foot orthosis is commonly used to modify foot posture and relieve foot pain for adult acquired flexible flatfoot. However, systematic investigation of the influence of foot orthotic design parameter combination on the internal foot mechanics remains scarce. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical effects of different combinations of foot orthoses design features through a muscle-driven flatfoot finite element model. A flatfoot-orthosis finite element model was constructed by considering the three-dimensional geometry of plantar fascia. The plantar fascia model accounted for the interaction with the bulk soft tissue. The Taguchi approach was adopted to analyze the significance of four design factors combination (arch support height, medial posting inclination, heel cup height, and material stiffness). Predicted plantar pressure and plantar fascia strains in different design combinations at the midstance instant were reported. The results indicated that the foot orthosis with higher arch support (45.7%) and medial inclination angle (25.5%) effectively reduced peak plantar pressure. For the proximal plantar fascia strain, arch support (41.8%) and material stiffness (37%) were strong influencing factors. Specifically, higher arch support and softer material decreased the peak plantar fascia strain. The plantar pressure and plantar fascia loading were sensitive to the arch support feature. The proposed statistics-based finite element flatfoot model could assist the insole optimization and evaluation for individuals with flatfoot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.853085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T07:46:48Z","timestamp":1646898408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Different Design Feature Combinations of Flatfoot Orthosis on Plantar Fascia Strain and Plantar Pressure: A Muscle-Driven Finite Element Analysis With Taguchi Method"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yinghu","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo Wai-Chi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony Lin-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qitao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0978-3","article-title":"Subject-specific Finite Element Modelling of the Human Foot Complex during Walking: Sensitivity Analysis of Material Properties, Boundary and Loading Conditions","volume":"17","author":"Akrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-7-23","article-title":"Foot Orthoses for Adults with Flexible Pes Planus: a Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Banwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5539","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235539","article-title":"Arch-support Induced Changes in Foot-Ankle Coordination in Young Males with Flatfoot during Unplanned Gait Termination","volume":"10","author":"Cen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jcm"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8998","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8998","article-title":"Effect of Additional Body Weight on Arch index and Dynamic Plantar Pressure Distribution during Walking and Gait Termination","volume":"8","author":"Cen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.04.013","article-title":"Ultrasound Elastographic Assessment of Plantar Fascia in Runners Using Rearfoot Strike and Forefoot Strike","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2019.06.006","article-title":"Prediction on the Plantar Fascia Strain Offload upon Fascia Taping and Low-Dye Taping during Running","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthopaedic Translation"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.12.043","article-title":"Plantar Pressure Relief under the Metatarsal Heads - Therapeutic Insole Design Using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model of the Foot","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.01.001","article-title":"Effects of Internal Stress Concentrations in Plantar Soft-Tissue-A Preliminary Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/s0268-0033(03)00080-9","article-title":"Effects of Total Contact Insoles on the Plantar Stress Redistribution: a Finite Element Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.11.007","article-title":"Effects of Foot Orthoses on Gait Patterns of Flat Feet Patients","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100714549189","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Plantar Fascia during Walking","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.03.028","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Plantar Fascia under Stretch-The Relative Contribution of Windlass Mechanism and Achilles Tendon Force","volume":"41","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185297","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Printed Foot Orthosis for Flexible Flatfoot: An Exploratory Biomechanical Study on Arch Support Reinforcement and Undercut","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.031","article-title":"A 3-dimensional Finite Element Model of the Human Foot and Ankle for Insole Design","volume":"86","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.05.002","article-title":"Parametric Design of Pressure-Relieving Foot Orthosis Using Statistics-Based Finite Element Method","volume":"30","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.079780","article-title":"Efficacies of Different External Controls for Excessive Foot Pronation: a Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Cheung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.12.009","article-title":"Biomechanical Stress Analysis of the Main Soft Tissues Associated with the Development of Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity","volume":"61","author":"Cifuentes-De La Portilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.4.358","article-title":"Custom-molded Foot-Orthosis Intervention and Multisegment Medial Foot Kinematics during Walking","volume":"46","author":"Cobb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Athl Train."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"2237","article-title":"Plantar Fasciitis: Evidence-Based Review of Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"72","author":"Cole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.08.013","article-title":"Dynamic Knee Loading Is Related to Cartilage Defects and Tibial Plateau Bone Area in Medial Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Creaby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.09.018","article-title":"Effect of Foot Orthosis Design on Lower Limb Joint Kinematics and Kinetics during Walking in Flexible Pes Planovalgus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Desmyttere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019190046","article-title":"Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Staging, and Imaging Findings","volume":"39","author":"Flores","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.055830","article-title":"Clinical Effectiveness of Customised Sport Shoe Orthoses for Overuse Injuries in Runners: a Randomised Controlled Study","volume":"45","author":"Hirschm\u00fcller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-008-9516-x","article-title":"Using an Optimization Approach to Design an Insole for Lowering Plantar Fascia Stress-A Finite Element Study","volume":"36","author":"Hsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/jsm.0b013e3181fb539f","article-title":"Comparative Biomechanical Effectiveness of Over-the-counter Devices for Individuals with a Flexible Flatfoot Secondary to Forefoot Varus","volume":"20","author":"Hurd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.02.004","article-title":"Factors Associated with Chronic Plantar Heel Pain: a Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Irving","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Overview on Taguchi Method","volume":"1","author":"Karna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Math. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2019.02.004","article-title":"Flatfeet: Biomechanical Implications, Assessment and Management","volume":"38","author":"Kodithuwakku Arachchige","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Foot"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(96)00019-8","article-title":"Biomechanics of Longitudinal Arch Support Mechanisms in Foot Orthoses and Their Effect on Plantar Aponeurosis Strain","volume":"11","author":"Kogler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)99802-9","article-title":"In Vitro method for Quantifying the Effectiveness of the Longitudinal Arch Support Mechanism of a Foot Orthosis","volume":"10","author":"Kogler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.041","article-title":"Effects of Medially Posted Insoles on Foot and Lower Limb Mechanics across Walking and Running in Overpronating Men","volume":"54","author":"Kosonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.12.001","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Flatfoot","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.03.015","article-title":"Design of Monolimb Using Finite Element Modelling and Statistics-Based Taguchi Method","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"75","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of a Model of a Therapeutic Shoe: Effect of Material Selection for the Outsole","volume":"13","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5103\/kjsb.2009.19.2.187","article-title":"Is the Arch Index Meaningful","volume":"19","author":"Lung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J. Sport Biomech."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.05.001","article-title":"Do foot Orthoses Change Lower Limb Muscle Activity in Flat-Arched Feet towards a Pattern Observed in normal-arched Feet?","volume":"25","author":"Murley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12025","article-title":"Foot Posture Is Associated with Morphometry of the Peroneus Longus Muscle, Tibialis Anterior Tendon, and Achilles Tendon","volume":"24","author":"Murley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106408","article-title":"Biomechanical Comparison Among Five Mid\/hindfoot Arthrodeses Procedures in Treating Flatfoot Using a Musculoskeletal Multibody Driven Finite Element Model","volume":"211","author":"Peng","year":"","journal-title":"Computer Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104355","article-title":"Influence of Arch Support Heights on the Internal Foot Mechanics of Flatfoot during Walking: A Muscle-Driven Finite Element Analysis","volume":"132","author":"Peng","year":"","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072226","article-title":"Immediate Effects of Medially Posted Insoles on Lower Limb Joint Contact Forces in Adult Acquired Flatfoot: a Pilot Study","volume":"17","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ijerph"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2020.100050","article-title":"Computational Models of Flatfoot with Three-Dimensional Fascia and Bulk Soft Tissue Interaction for Orthosis Design","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"","journal-title":"Med. Novel Technology Devices"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2007.07.003","article-title":"Biomechanics and Clinical Analysis of the Adult Acquired Flatfoot","volume":"24","author":"Richie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatric Med. Surg."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8614341","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8614341","article-title":"The Effect of Arch Height and Material Hardness of Personalized Insole on Correction and Tissues of Flatfoot","volume":"2017","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/s0303-8467(15)30004-4","article-title":"The Effects of Total Contact Insole with Forefoot Medial Posting on Rearfoot Movement and Foot Pressure Distributions in Patients with Flexible Flatfoot","volume":"129","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.03.036","article-title":"Dose-response Effects of Customised Foot Orthoses on Lower Limb Kinematics and Kinetics in Pronated Foot Type","volume":"46","author":"Telfer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172334","article-title":"Effects of Different Medial Arch Support Heights on Rearfoot Kinematics","volume":"12","author":"Wahmkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1359-7","article-title":"Computational Models of the Foot and Ankle for Pathomechanics and Clinical Applications: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571192","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.571192","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Generalized Ligament Laxity on the Deterioration of Hallux Valgus Deformity (Bunion)","volume":"8","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2021.100067","article-title":"An Instrument for Methodological Quality Assessment of Single-Subject Finite Element Analysis Used in Computational Orthopaedics","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Novel Technology Devices"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.11.001","article-title":"Finite Element Simulation on Posterior Tibial Tendinopathy: Load Transfer Alteration and Implications to the Onset of Pes Planus","volume":"51","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.07.009","article-title":"The Influence of High-Heeled Shoes on Strain and Tension Force of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament and Plantar Fascia during Balanced Standing and Walking","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/paah.57","article-title":"A Current Review of Foot Disorder and Plantar Pressure Alternation in the Elderly","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.37190\/abb-01694-2020-03","article-title":"Computational Modelling of Foot Orthosis for Midfoot Arthritis: a Taguchi Approach for Design Optimization","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.853085\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T07:46:58Z","timestamp":1646898418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.853085\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2022.853085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.853085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"article-number":"853085"}}