{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T14:46:33Z","timestamp":1769265993704,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cartilage injury and degeneration are hallmarks of osteoarthritis (OA), the most common joint disease. OA is a major contributor to pain, loss of function, and reduced quality of life. Over the last decade, considerable research efforts have focused on cell-based therapies, including several stem cell-derived approaches to reverse the cartilage alterations associated with OA. Although several tissue sources for deriving cell-based therapies have been identified, none of the resident stem cell populations have adequately fulfilled the promise of curing OA. Indeed, many cell products do not contain true stem cells. As well, issues with aggressive marketing efforts, combined with a lack of evidence regarding efficacy, lead the several national regulatory bodies to discontinue the use of stem cell therapy for OA until more robust evidence becomes available. A review of the evidence is timely to address the status of cell-based cartilage regeneration. The promise of stem cell therapy is not new and has been used successfully to treat non-arthritic diseases, such as hematopoietic and muscle disorders. These fields of regenerative therapy have the advantage of a considerable foundation of knowledge in the area of stem cell repair mechanisms, the role of the stem cell niche, and niche-supporting cells. This foundation is lacking in the field of cartilage repair. So, where should we look for the ideal stem cell to regenerate cartilage? It has recently been discovered that cartilage itself may contain a population of SC-like progenitors. Other potential tissues include stem cell-rich dental pulp and the adolescent growth plate, the latter of which contains chondrocyte progenitors essential for producing the cartilage scaffold needed for bone growth. In this article, we review the progress on stem cell therapies for arthritic disorders, focusing on the various stem cell populations previously used for cartilage regeneration, successful cases of stem cell therapies in muscle and hemopoietic disorders, some of the reasons why these other fields have been successful (i.e., \u201clessons learned\u201d to be applied to OA stem cell therapy), and finally, novel potential sources of stem cells for regenerating damaged cartilage <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.866148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T06:58:46Z","timestamp":1654066726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Hunt Is On! In Pursuit of the Ideal Stem Cell Population for Cartilage Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"T. Mark","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. Jeffrey","family":"Dilworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Trudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.06.001","article-title":"Autocrine and Paracrine Angiopoietin 1\/Tie-2 Signaling Promotes Muscle Satellite Cell Self-Renewal","volume":"5","author":"Abou-Khalil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2007.0220","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Different Organs Are Characterized by Distinct Topographic Hox Codes","volume":"17","author":"Ackema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8102478","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8102478","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Secretome for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: An In Vitro Study","volume":"2016","author":"Ahmed Nel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041380213","article-title":"Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Proliferation and Differentiation by Transforming Growth Factor-Beta, Insulin-like Growth Factor I, and Fibroblast Growth Factor","volume":"138","author":"Allen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325967119900958","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119900958","article-title":"Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Is Equivalent to Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis at 1 year: A Prospective, Randomized Trial","volume":"8","author":"Anz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21516","article-title":"Increased Adipogenesis of Osteoporotic Human-Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Characterizes by Impaired Leptin Action","volume":"103","author":"Astudillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-012-9352-0","article-title":"The Origin and Fate of Muscle Satellite Cells","volume":"8","author":"Aziz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0735-x","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Subchondral Bone Features, Pain and Structural Pathology in Peripheral Joint Osteoarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Barr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.22-5-675","article-title":"Study of Telomere Length Reveals Rapid Aging of Human Marrow Stromal Cells Following In Vitro Expansion","volume":"22","author":"Baxter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216296","article-title":"Subcutaneous Tanezumab for Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee: Efficacy and Safety Results from a 24-week Randomised Phase III Study with a 24-week Follow-Up Period","volume":"79","author":"Berenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.04.035","article-title":"Bone Development","volume":"80","author":"Berendsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(86)90234-4","article-title":"Proliferation of Muscle Satellite Cells on Intact Myofibers in Culture","volume":"115","author":"Bischoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.132","article-title":"World Marrow Donor Association Framework for the Implementation of HLA Matching Programs in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donor Registries and Cord Blood Banks","volume":"46","author":"Bochtler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199410063311401","article-title":"Treatment of Deep Cartilage Defects in the Knee with Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation","volume":"331","author":"Brittberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071104","article-title":"Angiogenic Properties of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells","volume":"8","author":"Bronckaers","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.11.011","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Glucosamine Sulfate in the Management of Osteoarthritis: Evidence from Real-Life Setting Trials and Surveys","volume":"45","author":"Bruy\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Transplantation of Myoblasts to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Patients","author":"Campbell","year":"2021"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39622","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Alterations in Bone Marrow Lesions in Hip Osteoarthritis","volume":"68","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Health Canada Policy Position Paper \u2013 Autologous Cell Therapy Products","author":"CDA","year":"2019"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Cost Statistics: Cost of Osteoarthritis","author":"Cdc Prevention","year":"2021"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"National Hospital Discharge Survey","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.151035","article-title":"Making Muscle: Skeletal Myogenesis In Vivo and In Vitro","volume":"144","author":"Chal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.029","article-title":"Identification of the Human Skeletal Stem Cell","volume":"175","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.002","article-title":"Identification and Specification of the Mouse Skeletal Stem Cell","volume":"160","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2015.01.013","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Have Altered Capacity to Expand Differentiated Hematopoietic Progenitors","volume":"39","author":"Chandran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1202","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00242.2013","article-title":"Biomechanical Properties and Mechanobiology of the Articular Chondrocyte","volume":"305","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1042\/cbi20110183","article-title":"Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Aged Mice Have Reduced Wound Healing, Angiogenesis, Proliferation and Anti-apoptosis Capabilities","volume":"36","author":"Choudhery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"B28","volume-title":"Search: Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis: Recruiting Studies","author":"Clinicaltrial.gov","year":"2022"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.09.016","article-title":"Models of Osteoarthritis: the Good, the Bad and the Promising","volume":"27","author":"Cope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204763","article-title":"The Global Burden of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study","volume":"73","author":"Cross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020186","article-title":"iPSCs in Modeling and Therapy of Osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Csobonyeiova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Regenerating Skeletal Muscle Niche Guides Muscle Stem Cell Self-Renewal","volume":"1","author":"Cutler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3803\/enm.2020.405","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Muscle Aging: A Brief Overview","volume":"35","author":"Dao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Seoul."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2012.10.003","article-title":"Exercise Promotes Bone Marrow Cell Survival and Recipient Reconstitution Post-bone Marrow Transplantation, Which Is Associated with Increased Survival","volume":"41","author":"De Lisio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt501","article-title":"Synovial Fluid and Synovial Membrane Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Latest Discoveries and Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"5","author":"de Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2018.09.017","article-title":"Current Concepts in Intraosseous Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections for Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Delgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal Criteria for Defining Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy Position Statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00912","article-title":"The Surface of Articular Cartilage Contains a Progenitor Cell Population","volume":"117","author":"Dowthwaite","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2018.08.005","article-title":"Intra-articular Implantation of Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Treat Knee Osteoarthritis: a Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 1\/2 Clinical Trial","volume":"20","author":"Emadedin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.17.01657","article-title":"Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects Are Important Independent Predictive Factors for Progression to Total Knee Arthroplasty in Older Adults with Minimal to Moderate Osteoarthritis","volume":"101","author":"Everhart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0033-8389(03)00161-1","article-title":"An Update on the Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis","volume":"42","author":"Felson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiologic Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-018-9820-2","article-title":"Development of a Novel Large Animal Model to Evaluate Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Articular Cartilage Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2018-0161","article-title":"Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Freitag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16187","article-title":"Autophagy Maintains Stemness by Preventing Senescence","volume":"529","author":"Garc\u00eda-Prat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2021.11.004","article-title":"Association of CD34 Cell Dose with 5-Year Overall Survival after Peripheral Blood Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Adults with Hematologic Malignancies","volume":"28","author":"Gauntner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl. Cell Ther."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.148","article-title":"Changes in the Osteochondral Unit during Osteoarthritis: Structure, Function and Cartilage-Bone Crosstalk","volume":"12","author":"Goldring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R85","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2719","article-title":"Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Markers in Human Articular Cartilage: Normal Distribution and Changes in Osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Grogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39970","article-title":"Brief Report: Partial- and Full-Thickness Focal Cartilage Defects Contribute Equally to Development of New Cartilage Damage in Knee Osteoarthritis: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study","volume":"69","author":"Guermazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.11.013","article-title":"Biomechanical Factors in Osteoarthritis. Best Practice & Research","volume":"25","author":"Guilak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2018.07.028","article-title":"Intra-articular Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Evidence of Cartilage Repair","volume":"35","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603510366027","article-title":"The Clinical Use of Human Culture-Expanded Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplanted on Platelet-Rich Fibrin Glue in the Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects: A Pilot Study and Preliminary Results","volume":"1","author":"Haleem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21596","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology 2012 Recommendations for the Use of Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Therapies in Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee","volume":"64","author":"Hochberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res. Hob."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0596-3","article-title":"Are Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Immune Cells?","volume":"17","author":"Hoogduijn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103503","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/103503","article-title":"Neural Crest Stem Cells from Dental Tissues: a New Hope for Dental and Neural Regeneration","volume":"2012","author":"Ibarretxe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"Preventing the Marketing of Unproven Stem Cell Treatments","author":"Isscr","year":"2021"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301719","article-title":"Muscle-derived Stem Cells","volume":"9","author":"Jankowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113s","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603520942945","article-title":"Knee Joint Distraction as Treatment for Osteoarthritis Results in Clinical and Structural Benefit: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Limited Number of Studies and Patients Available","volume":"13","author":"Jansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13170","article-title":"The Influence of Tissue Microenvironment on Stem Cell-Based Cartilage Repair","volume":"1383","author":"Jayasuriya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1634","article-title":"Intra-articular Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: a Proof-Of-Concept Clinical Trial","volume":"32","author":"Jo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.106435","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rheumatoid Synovium: Enumeration and Functional Assessment in Relation to Synovial Inflammation Level","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27451","article-title":"Large-scale Extraction and Characterization of CD271+ Multipotential Stromal Cells from Trabecular Bone in Health and Osteoarthritis: Implications for Bone Regeneration Strategies Based on Uncultured or Minimally Cultured Multipotential Stromal Cells","volume":"62","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5499\/wjr.v1.i1.4","article-title":"Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vivo: Potential Key Players for Joint Regeneration","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0144-8","article-title":"Where Is the Common Ground between Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem\/stromal Cells from Different Donors and Species?","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.030","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Bone Regeneration: Current Status","volume":"42","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The Biology, Function, and Biomedical Applications of Exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1961.0001","article-title":"The Terminations of the Afferent Nerve Fibre in the Muscle Spindle of the Frog","volume":"243","author":"Katz","year":"1961","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Biol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2018.11.003","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Allogenic Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Knee Osteoarthritis: a Pilot Study","volume":"21","author":"Khalifeh Soltani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1130-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell 3D Encapsulation Technologies for Biomimetic Microenvironment in Tissue Regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519892278","article-title":"Intra-articular Injection of Culture-Expanded Mesenchymal Stem Cells without Adjuvant Surgery in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-019-03140-8","article-title":"Intra-articular Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Clinical Outcomes and Cartilage Repair in Osteoarthritis of the Knee: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"139","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10208-9","article-title":"MSC-derived Extracellular Vesicles in Preclinical Animal Models of Bone Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Kirkham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.01.015","article-title":"Migratory Chondrogenic Progenitor Cells from Repair Tissue during the Later Stages of Human Osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"Koelling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590903246370","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy for Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Koelling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-008-0633-5","article-title":"Comparison of Mesenchymal Tissues-Derived Stem Cells for In Vivo Chondrogenesis: Suitable Conditions for Cell Therapy of Cartilage Defects in Rabbit","volume":"333","author":"Koga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0127","article-title":"Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Differentiated into Chondrogenic Lineage via Generation of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells","volume":"22","author":"Koyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01657","article-title":"Developmental Regulation of the Growth Plate","volume":"423","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1420-z","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Intra-articular Progenza in Knee Osteoarthritis: a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Single Ascending Dose Study","volume":"16","author":"Kuah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.12.012","article-title":"Niche Regulation of Muscle Satellite Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation","volume":"2","author":"Kuang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-015-9639-z","article-title":"Adipogenic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Bone Marrow and Their Hematopoietic Supportive Role: Towards Understanding the Permissive Marrow Microenvironment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.18-0122","article-title":"Intra-Articular Injection of Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase IIb, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.071","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Characteristics of Dental Pulp and Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells after In Vivo Transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Lei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.08.005","article-title":"The Bio in the Ink: Cartilage Regeneration with Bioprintable Hydrogels and Articular Cartilage-Derived Progenitor Cells","volume":"61","author":"Levato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654559","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.654559","article-title":"Dental-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: State of the Art","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0066-5","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Bone Marrow and Adipose Tissue under Xeno-free Conditions for Cell Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685690","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/685690","article-title":"Fibrin Gel as an Injectable Biodegradable Scaffold and Cell Carrier for Tissue Engineering","volume":"2015","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12086","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Properties of Dental Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15695","article-title":"Willingness of Volunteers from Canadian Blood Service's Stem Cell Registry to Donate Blood, Marrow, and Other Tissues for Regenerative Therapy","volume":"60","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040980","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin for Osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Lo Monaco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.03.002","article-title":"Age-related Changes in the Musculoskeletal System and the Development of Osteoarthritis","volume":"26","author":"Loeser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. geriatric Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1248-3","article-title":"Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis with Intra-articular Injection of Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Phase IIb Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.12.014","article-title":"Aging Disrupts Muscle Stem Cell Function by Impairing Matricellular WISP1 Secretion from Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitors","volume":"24","author":"Lukjanenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.005","article-title":"PAX7 Targets, CD54, Integrin \u03b19\u03b21, and SDC2, Allow Isolation of Human ESC\/iPSC-Derived Myogenic Progenitors","volume":"19","author":"Magli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23076","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23076","article-title":"Intra-articular Injection of Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Cartilage Repair in a Mouse Injury Model","volume":"6","author":"Mak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.03.003","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Cartilage Repair in Osteoarthritis","volume":"24","author":"Mamidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011","article-title":"3D Bioprinting for Engineering Complex Tissues","volume":"34","author":"Mandrycky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp1613723","article-title":"Clarifying Stem-Cell Therapy's Benefits and Risks","volume":"376","author":"Marks","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16072","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.72","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"2","author":"Martel-Pelletier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8309256","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8309256","article-title":"In Vivo Articular Cartilage Regeneration Using Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Cultured in an Alginate Scaffold: A Preliminary Study","volume":"2017","author":"Mata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119536","article-title":"Progress in 3D Bioprinting Technology for Tissue\/organ Regenerative Engineering","volume":"226","author":"Matai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.18-0053","article-title":"Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for Knee Osteoarthritis: Repeated MSC Dosing Is Superior to a Single MSC Dose and to Hyaluronic Acid in a Controlled Randomized Phase I\/II Trial","volume":"8","author":"Matas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.9.2.493","article-title":"Satellite Cell of Skeletal Muscle Fibers","volume":"9","author":"Mauro","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Biophysical Biochem. Cytol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.01.003","article-title":"OARSI Guidelines for the Non-surgical Management of Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"McAlindon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.182","article-title":"Native Joint-Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair in Osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"McGonagle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C355","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00398.2009","article-title":"Differential Effects of Hypoxia on Osteochondrogenic Potential of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"298","author":"Merceron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C174","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2000.278.1.c174","article-title":"Hepatocyte Growth Factor Affects Satellite Cell Activation and Differentiation in Regenerating Skeletal Muscle","volume":"278","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21651","article-title":"Higher Chondrogenic Potential of Fibrous Synovium- and Adipose Synovium-Derived Cells Compared with Subcutaneous Fat-Derived Cells: Distinguishing Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Humans","volume":"54","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25014","article-title":"Denuded Subchondral Bone and Knee Pain in Persons with Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"60","author":"Moisio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12984","article-title":"The Bone Marrow Niche for Haematopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"505","author":"Morrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637725","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.637725","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: An Update","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2017_141","article-title":"The Potency of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cartilage Regeneration and Osteoarthritis Treatment","volume":"1079","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10118","article-title":"Reduced Chondrogenic and Adipogenic Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Patients with Advanced Osteoarthritis","volume":"46","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1013-2","article-title":"Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Activated Skeletal Stem Cells","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-014-9581-5","article-title":"Improved Approach for Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells","volume":"11","author":"Nejadnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509359067","article-title":"Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells versus Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: an Observational Cohort Study","volume":"38","author":"Nejadnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3651","article-title":"Stem Cell Aging: Mechanisms, Regulators and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd012128","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012128.pub2","article-title":"Surgical Interventions for Symptomatic Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Palmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-021-01227-8","article-title":"Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Survey of the EBMT: Monitoring of Activities and Trends over 30 Years","volume":"56","author":"Passweg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.155","article-title":"Autologous Myoblast Transplantation for Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy: a Phase I\/IIa Clinical Study","volume":"22","author":"P\u00e9ri\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.07.014","article-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage Histopathology: Grading and Staging","volume":"14","author":"Pritzker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.71","article-title":"Marrow Stromal Cells as Stem Cells for Nonhematopoietic Tissues","volume":"276","author":"Prockop","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.05.029","article-title":"Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Chondrocyte Co-culture","volume":"45","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v009a04","article-title":"Current Strategies for Articular Cartilage Repair","volume":"9","author":"Redman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. cells Mater."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202231","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Strontium Ranelate in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: Results of a Double-Blind, Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"72","author":"Reginster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B124","volume-title":"National Joint Registry 17th Annual Report","author":"Registry","year":"2020"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-021-00203-6","article-title":"The Clinical Potential of Articular Cartilage-Derived Progenitor Cells: a Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Rikkers","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Med."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2705","article-title":"Repair Potential of Nonsurgically Delivered Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Chondrocytes in a Rat Osteochondral Defect Model","volume":"12","author":"Rim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000193891.71672.e4","article-title":"Osteogenic Potential of Adult Human Stem Cells of the Lumbar Vertebral Body and the Iliac Crest","volume":"31","author":"Risbud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.02.025","article-title":"Negative Elongation Factor Regulates Muscle Progenitor Expansion for Efficient Myofiber Repair and Stem Cell Pool Repopulation","volume":"56","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1220565","article-title":"Protein Metabolism in Ovine Primary Muscle Cultures Derived from Satellite Cells-Eeffects of Selected Peptide Hormones and Growth Factors","volume":"122","author":"Roe","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0579-4","article-title":"Meniscal Extrusion Promotes Knee Osteoarthritis Structural Progression: Protective Effect of Strontium Ranelate Treatment in a Phase III Clinical Trial","volume":"17","author":"Roubille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21212","article-title":"Comparison of Human Stem Cells Derived from Various Mesenchymal Tissues: Superiority of Synovium as a Cell Source","volume":"52","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbiosy.2021.100018","article-title":"Current Good Manufacturing Practice Considerations for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Therapeutic Agents","volume":"2","author":"Sanz-Nogu\u00e9s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Biosyst."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.8044","article-title":"Effect of Tanezumab on Joint Pain, Physical Function, and Patient Global Assessment of Osteoarthritis Among Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"322","author":"Schnitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.159","article-title":"The Role of Synovitis in Pathophysiology and Clinical Symptoms of Osteoarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Sellam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2005.10.001","article-title":"Aging of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"5","author":"Sethe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603518796142","article-title":"Quantitative T2 MRI Mapping and 12-Month Follow-Up in a Randomized, Blinded, Placebo Controlled Trial of Bone Marrow Aspiration and Concentration for Osteoarthritis of the Knees","volume":"10","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.2.188","article-title":"The Role of Knee Alignment in Disease Progression and Functional Decline in Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"286","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.02.006","article-title":"Development of an Unrelated Donor Selection Score Predictive of Survival after HCT: Donor Age Matters Most","volume":"24","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.11.019","article-title":"Current Evidence on Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis in Older Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Silverwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2015.08.013","article-title":"Final Results of a Phase I-II Trial Using Ex Vivo Expanded Autologous Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee Confirming Safety and Suggesting Cartilage Regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Soler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.06.009","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Immunomodulation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2020.03.015","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00421-2","article-title":"Control of Satellite Cell Function in Muscle Regeneration and its Disruption in Ageing","volume":"23","author":"Sousa-Victor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0168-y","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: Histology and Pathogenesis","volume":"163","author":"Sulzbacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wien Med. Wochenschr"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.019","article-title":"Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors","volume":"131","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00580","article-title":"The Treatment of Cartilage Damage Using Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies","volume":"8","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-304287","article-title":"CD146 Expression on Primary Non-hematopoietic Bone Marrow Stem Cells Correlates to In Situ Localization","volume":"117","author":"Tormin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002946","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002946.pub2","article-title":"Glucosamine Therapy for Treating Osteoarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Towheed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.14306","article-title":"Preclinical Studies and Clinical Trials on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review on Models and Cell Doses","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-2144-z","article-title":"Biological Potential Alterations of Migratory Chondrogenic Progenitor Cells during Knee Osteoarthritic Progression","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200105110","article-title":"A Nitric Oxide Synthase Transgene Ameliorates Muscular Dystrophy in Mdx Mice","volume":"155","author":"Wehling","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013342","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013342","article-title":"Stem Cell Injections for Osteoarthritis of the Knee","volume":"5","author":"Whittle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2018.04.004","article-title":"Branched-chain Amino Acid Depletion Conditions Bone Marrow for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Avoiding Amino Acid Imbalance-Associated Toxicity","volume":"63","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013246","article-title":"Identification and Clonal Characterisation of a Progenitor Cell Sub-population in Normal Human Articular Cartilage","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2011.0166","article-title":"Periocular and Intra-articular Injection of Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: an In Vivo Imaging and Migration Study","volume":"28","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.040","article-title":"In Vivo Human Somitogenesis Guides Somite Development from hPSCs","volume":"18","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.01.016","article-title":"Generation of Scaffoldless Hyaline Cartilaginous Tissue from Human iPSCs","volume":"4","author":"Yamashita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2019.4056","article-title":"Study of the Cytological Features of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-021-06450-w","article-title":"Allogenic Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Implantation Was Superior to Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Augmentation for Cartilage Regeneration Despite Similar Clinical Outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2011","article-title":"Satellite Cells and the Muscle Stem Cell Niche","volume":"93","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175449","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for Osteoarthritis Treatment: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yubo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2019.11.096","article-title":"Surgical Techniques for Knee Cartilage Repair: An Updated Large-Scale Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"36","author":"Zamborsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12020225","article-title":"Hypoxia-Preconditioned Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Cartilage Repair in Osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Membr. (Basel)"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-016-9668-1","article-title":"Chondrogenic Cells Respond to Partial-Thickness Defects of Articular Cartilage in Adult Rats: an In Vivo Study","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"B165","first-page":"6275","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Related Therapies for Cartilage Lesions and Osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3143","article-title":"Inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 Signaling in Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Subchondral Bone Attenuates Osteoarthritis","volume":"19","author":"Zhen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.866148\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T06:59:02Z","timestamp":1654066742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.866148\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"references-count":166,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2022.866148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.866148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"article-number":"866148"}}