{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:35:14Z","timestamp":1767206114496,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1103900 2018YFC1105800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1103900 2018YFC1105800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871502 81701843 81671837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871502 81701843 81671837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012247","name":"Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The feasibility of the three-dimensional (3D) cartilage regeneration technology based on the \u201csteel (framework)-reinforced concrete (engineered cartilage gel, ECG)\u201d concept has been verified in large animals using a decalcified bone matrix (DBM) as the framework. However, the instability of the source, large sample variation, and lack of control over the 3D shape of DBM have greatly hindered clinical translation of this technology. To optimize cartilage regeneration using the ECG\u2013framework model, the current study explores the feasibility of replacing the DBM framework with a 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) framework. The PCL framework showed good biocompatibility with ECG and achieved a high ECG loading efficiency, similar to that of the DBM framework. Furthermore, PCL-ECG constructs caused a milder inflammatory response\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    than that induced by DBM-ECG constructs, which was further supported by an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    macrophage activation experiment. Notably, the PCL-ECG constructs successfully regenerated mature cartilage and essentially maintained their original shape throughout 8\u00a0weeks of subcutaneous implantation. Quantitative analysis revealed that the GAG and total collagen contents of the regenerated cartilage in the PCL-ECG group were significantly higher than those in the DBM-ECG group. The results indicated that the 3D-printed PCL framework\u2014a clinically approved biomaterial with multiple advantages including customizable shape design, mechanical strength control, and standardized production\u2014can serve as an excellent framework for supporting the 3D cartilage regeneration of ECG. This provides a feasible novel strategy for the clinical translation of ECG-based 3D cartilage regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.871508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T04:20:25Z","timestamp":1653366025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Three-Dimensional Cartilage Regeneration Using Engineered Cartilage Gel With a 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Framework"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gaoyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Ci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runjie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangdong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-021-00282-5","article-title":"Application of Decellularized Bone Matrix as a Bioscaffold in Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"16","author":"Amirazad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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