{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:38:50Z","timestamp":1782790730834,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcal pharyngitis is mainly caused by <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic> (GAS), which if left untreated can lead to rheumatic heart disease. The accurate diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis is a challenge for clinicians because several symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis are similar to viral pharyngitis. There are some commercially available biosensors for the rapid diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Nevertheless, they are not widely used by physicians, mainly because of their high price and dependence on the instrument. Serotype M1 GAS is the most prevalent cause of streptococcal pharyngitis and binds to H-1 antigen, a sugar code found on oral epithelial cells. Here, we present a nanobiosensor based on aggregation of H-1 antigen-conjugated gold nanoparticles for the rapid, qualitative, and quantitative detection of M1 GAS, which is inspired by the sugar code-lectin interaction. It is noteworthy that M1 GAS was detected in a wide concentration range (1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u20131\u00d710<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CFU\/ml) with a linear response and a short detection time of 20\u00a0min. Good reproducibility, easy-to-use, and relatively low production cost are among other attractive features of this nanobiosensor. This work provides a strategic roadmap for developing a new generation of biosensors via targeting the sugar code-lectin interaction in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.957271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T14:45:34Z","timestamp":1658501134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nanobiosensor Based on Sugar Code-AuNPs Aggregation: A Key to Opening New Gates in Rapid Diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Mohajeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Moayedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Akrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazda","family":"Rad-Malekshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Fazeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismaeil","family":"Haririan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"ID NOW\u2122 STREP A 22020"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-3146-6.00007-6","article-title":"Engineering the Surface of Cells Using Biotin\u2013Avidin Chemistry","volume-title":"Micro-and Nanoengineering of the Cell Surface","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.07.010","article-title":"Charge Based Intra-cartilage Delivery of Single Dose Dexamethasone Using Avidin Nano-Carriers Suppresses Cytokine-Induced Catabolism Long Term","volume":"24","author":"Bajpayee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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