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Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Preclinical assessment of bone remodelling onto, into or around novel implant technologies is underpinned by a large live animal testing burden. The aim of this study was to explore whether a lab-based bioreactor model could provide similar insight.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> Twelve <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> trabecular bone cylinders were extracted from porcine femora and were implanted with additively manufactured stochastic porous titanium implants. Half were cultured dynamically, in a bioreactor with continuous fluid flow and daily cyclic loading, and half in static well plates. Tissue ongrowth, ingrowth and remodelling around the implants were evaluated with imaging and mechanical testing.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> For both culture conditions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed bone ongrowth; widefield, backscatter SEM, micro computed tomography scanning, and histology revealed mineralisation inside the implant pores; and histology revealed woven bone formation and bone resorption around the implant. The imaging evidence of this tissue ongrowth, ingrowth and remodelling around the implant was greater for the dynamically cultured samples, and the mechanical testing revealed that the dynamically cultured samples had approximately three times greater push-through fixation strength (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic> bone models enable the analysis of tissue remodelling onto, into and around porous implants in the lab. While static culture conditions exhibited some characteristics of bony adaptation to implantation, simulating physiological conditions with a bioreactor led to an accelerated response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1054391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T06:44:21Z","timestamp":1676875461000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Bioreactor analyses of tissue ingrowth, ongrowth and remodelling around implants: An alternative to live animal testing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nupur","family":"Kohli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Theodoridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A. 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