{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:27:08Z","timestamp":1776094028629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Otitis media (OM) is an infectious and inflammatory disease of the middle ear (ME) that often recurs and requires long-term antibiotic treatment. Light emitting diode (LED)-based devices have shown therapeutic efficacy in reducing inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of red and near-infrared (NIR) LED irradiation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced OM in rats, human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEECs), and murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>An animal model was established by LPS injection (2.0\u00a0mg\/mL) into the ME of rats <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the tympanic membrane. A red\/NIR LED system was used to irradiate the rats (655\/842 nm, intensity: 163.2 W\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, time: 30 min\/day for 3 days and cells (653\/842 nm, intensity: 19.76 W\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, time: 3 h) after LPS exposure. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to examine pathomorphological changes in the tympanic cavity of the ME of the rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and RT-qPCR analyses were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1). Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling was examined to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the reduction of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines following LED irradiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ME mucosal thickness and inflammatory cell deposits were increased by LPS injection, which were reduced by LED irradiation. The protein expression levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 were significantly reduced in the LED-irradiated OM group. LED irradiation strongly inhibited the production of LPS-stimulated IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 in HMEECs and RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK was inhibited by LED irradiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrated that red\/NIR LED irradiation effectively suppressed inflammation caused by OM. Moreover, red\/NIR LED irradiation reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in HMEECs and RAW 264.7 cells through the blockade of MAPK signaling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1099574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T08:59:31Z","timestamp":1677056371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dual red and near-infrared light-emitting diode irradiation ameliorates LPS-induced otitis media in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yoo-Seung","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ji","family":"Gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungsu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyong-Ho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.01.037","article-title":"Fabrication of levofloxacin polyethylene glycol decorated nanoliposomes for enhanced management of acute otitis media: Statistical optimization, trans-tympanic permeation and in vivo evaluation","volume":"559","author":"Abdelbary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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