{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:55:49Z","timestamp":1792036549123,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sand production during oil and gas extraction poses a severe challenge to the oil and gas companies as it causes erosion of pipelines and valves, damages the pumps, and ultimately decreases production. There are several solutions implemented to contain sand production including chemical and mechanical means. In recent times, extensive work has been done in geotechnical engineering on the application of enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) techniques for consolidating and increasing the shear strength of sandy soil. In this technique, calcite is precipitated in the loose sand through enzymatic activity to provide stiffness and strength to the loose sand. In this research, we investigated the process of EICP using a new enzyme named alpha-amylase. Different parameters were investigated to get the maximum calcite precipitation. The investigated parameters include enzyme concentration, enzyme volume, calcium chloride (CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) concentration, temperature, the synergistic impact of magnesium chloride (MgCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, Xanthan Gum, and solution pH. The generated precipitate characteristics were evaluated using a variety of methods, including Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was observed that the pH, temperature, and concentrations of salts significantly impact the precipitation. The precipitation was observed to be enzyme concentration-dependent and increase with an increase in enzyme concentration as long as a high salt concentration was available. Adding more volume of enzyme brought a slight change in precipitation% due to excessive enzymes with little or no substrate available. The optimum precipitation (87%) was yielded at 12 pH and with 2.5\u00a0g\/L of Xanthan Gum as a stabilizer at a temperature of 75\u00b0C. The synergistic effect of both CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and MgCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> yielded the highest CaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> precipitation (32.2%) at (0.6:0.4) molar ratio. The findings of this research exhibited the significant advantages and insights of alpha-amylase enzyme in EICP, enabling further investigation of two precipitation mechanisms (calcite precipitation and dolomite precipitation).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1118993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T05:41:15Z","timestamp":1681710075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Optimization of calcium carbonate precipitation during alpha-amylase enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Norah","family":"Albenayyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mobeen","family":"Murtaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman A.","family":"Alarifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shahzad","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmohsen","family":"Humam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar M.","family":"AlAhmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-022-01467-4","article-title":"Erosion of sand screens by solid particles: A review of experimental investigations","volume":"12","author":"Abduljabbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pet. Explor Prod. Technol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijtet.20170302.12","article-title":"A review on different types soil stabilization techniques","volume":"3","author":"Afrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Transp. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1680\/jgere.21.00006","article-title":"Optimisation of chemical constituents on enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation in test-tube and soil","volume":"8","author":"Ahenkorah","year":"","journal-title":"Geotechnical Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/suschem2010007","article-title":"A review of enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP): The role of enzyme kinetics","volume":"2","author":"Ahenkorah","year":"","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900881","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.900881","article-title":"A review of enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation applicability in the oil and gas industry","volume":"10","author":"Alarifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11040370","article-title":"State-of-the-art review of the applicability and challenges of microbial-induced calcite precipitation (Micp) and enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (eicp) techniques for geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications","volume":"11","author":"Almajed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryst. (Basel)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2118\/97299-MS","article-title":"Horizontal screen failures in unconsolidated, high-permeability sandstone reservoirs: Reversing the trend","volume-title":"Proceedings - SPE annual technical conference and exhibition","author":"Arukhe","year":"2005"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-023-10780-y","article-title":"Assessment of strength and low-strain shear modulus of bio-cemented sand considering MICP treatment","volume":"82","author":"Banik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2019.04.002","article-title":"Sand production: A smart control framework for risk mitigation","volume":"6","author":"ben Mahmud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1590\/s1517-83822010000400004","article-title":"Application of microbial \u03b1-amylase in industry - a review","volume":"41","author":"de Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2008.12.029","article-title":"Bio-mediated soil improvement","volume":"36","author":"DeJong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-02128-y","article-title":"Biosynthesis and industrial applications of \u03b1-amylase: A review","volume":"203","author":"Farooq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0383-47","article-title":"Microbial enhancement of oil recovery","volume":"1","author":"Finnerty","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bio\/Technology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40703-017-0064-9","article-title":"Fundamentals of soil stabilization","volume":"8","author":"Firoozi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geo-Engineering"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.207","article-title":"Clayey soil stabilization using geopolymer and Portland cement","volume":"188","author":"Ghadir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1706-5_4","article-title":"The amendments in typical microbial induced soil stabilization by low-grade chemicals, biopolymers and other additives: A review","volume-title":"Building materials for sustainable and ecological environment","author":"Gowthaman","year":"2021"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1680\/jgeot.15.P.168","article-title":"Enzyme-induced carbonate mineral precipitation for fugitive dust control","volume":"66","author":"Hamdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/oalib.1107291","article-title":"Production of \u03b1-amylase by Bacillus subtilis QM3 and its enzymatic properties","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"OAlib"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750258","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.750258","article-title":"Revealing the enhancement and degradation mechanisms affecting the performance of carbonate precipitation in EICP process","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00833","article-title":"Editorial: Petroleum microbial biotechnology: Challenges and prospects","volume":"8","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479087.209","article-title":"Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) columns for ground improvement","author":"Kavazanjian","year":"2015"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.3390\/app8081277","article-title":"Effect of temperature, pH, and reaction duration on microbially induced calcite precipitation","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Switz."},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Microbially induced carbonate precipitations to improve residual soil at various temperatures","author":"Kong","year":"2019"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-021-03509-9","article-title":"Antibiofilm activity of \u03b1-amylase from Bacillus subtilis and prediction of the optimized conditions for biofilm removal by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN)","volume":"193","author":"Lahiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2013.09.026","article-title":"Decomposition kinetic characteristics of calcium carbonate containing organic acids by TGA","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arabian J. Chem."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1725482","article-title":"Application of microbial bioenzymes in soil stabilization","volume":"2020","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2021.101475","article-title":"Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase for CO2capture and its industrial implementation: A review","volume":"47","author":"Molina-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153201","article-title":"Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation using a native inland bacterium for beach sand stabilization in nearshore areas","volume":"9","author":"Nayanthara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Switz."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2118\/191778-MS","article-title":"Self-healing biocement and its potential applications in cementing and sand-consolidation jobs: A review targeted at the oil and gas industry","volume-title":"Society of petroleum engineers - SPE liquids-rich basins conference - north America 2018","author":"Noshi","year":"2018"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200379","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2020.379","article-title":"Bioprecipitation of calcium carbonate mediated by ureolysis: A review","volume":"26","author":"Omoregie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1967.070110907","article-title":"Oil well sand consolidation. I. Resins for a three\u2010step process","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1021\/es301294q","article-title":"Potential CO2 leakage reduction through biofilm-induced calcium carbonate precipitation","volume":"47","author":"Phillips","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9110944","article-title":"Protein-mediated precipitation of calcium carbonate","volume":"9","author":"Polowczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-017-0079-2","article-title":"Innovative ground improvement techniques for expansive soils","volume":"2","author":"Puppala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solutions"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst7020059","article-title":"Optimization of enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation as a soil-improvement technique: The effect of aragonite and gypsum on the mechanical properties of treated sand","volume":"7","author":"Putra","year":"","journal-title":"Cryst. (Basel)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2016.00037","article-title":"Effect of magnesium as substitute material in enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation for soil-improvement technique","volume":"4","author":"Putra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.7.6.3425","article-title":"Optimum condition for the application of enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation technique as soil improvement technique","volume":"7","author":"Putra","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2118\/131078-MS","article-title":"Selection of completion strategy for sand control and optimal production rate - field examples from Saudi Arabia\u2019s \u2019Unayzah sandstone reservoir","volume-title":"Society of petroleum engineers - SPE asia pacific oil and gas conference and exhibition 2010","author":"Rahim","year":"2010"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6281","DOI":"10.3390\/SU12156281","article-title":"State-of-the-art review of microbial-induced calcite precipitation and its sustainability in engineering applications","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Switz."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/568141","article-title":"Production and partial purification of alpha amylase from bacillus subtilis (mtcc 121) using solid state fermentation","volume":"2014","author":"Raul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Res. Int."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ce01544b","article-title":"The multiple roles of carbonic anhydrase in calcium carbonate mineralization","volume":"21","author":"Rodriguez-Navarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.2c00700","article-title":"A review on chemical sand production control techniques in oil reservoirs","volume":"36","author":"Saghandali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy & Fuels"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15030950","article-title":"Advances in enzyme induced carbonate precipitation and application to soil improvement: A review","volume":"15","author":"Saif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"383","article-title":"Influence of freezing\u2013thawing cycles on biotreated sand using MICP","volume-title":"Lecture notes in civil engineering","author":"Sharma","year":"2023"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s40098-021-00576-x","article-title":"Liquefaction resistance of biotreated sand before and after exposing to weathering conditions","volume":"52","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Geotechnical J."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2020.11.006","article-title":"Rock-like behavior of biocemented sand treated under non-sterile environment and various treatment conditions","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotechnical Eng."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001089","article-title":"Factors affecting improvement in engineering properties of residual soil through microbial-induced calcite precipitation","volume":"140","author":"Soon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geotechnical Geoenvironmental Eng."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.2118\/4534-PA","article-title":"Estimating maximum sand-free production rates from friable sands for different well completion geometries","volume":"26","author":"Stein","year":"1974","journal-title":"JPT, J. Petroleum Technol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2021.110043","article-title":"Lost circulation mitigation using modified enzyme induced calcite precipitation technique","volume":"210","author":"Tariq","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2016.02.004","article-title":"Biological process of soil improvement in civil engineering: A review","volume":"8","author":"Umar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotechnical Eng."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2009.03.026","article-title":"Potential soil reinforcement by biological denitrification","volume":"36","author":"van Paassen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.84430","article-title":"Biotechnology in the realm of history","volume":"3","author":"Verma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136734","article-title":"Feasibility study of applying electrokinetic technology coupled with enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation treatment to Cu- and Pb-contaminated loess remediation","volume":"401","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-022-02640-z","article-title":"Investigating microscale structural characteristics and resultant macroscale mechanical properties of loess exposed to alkaline and saline environments","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR029361","article-title":"Experimental methods and imaging for enzymatically induced calcite precipitation in a microfluidic cell","volume":"57","author":"Weinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"Frac packing: Best practices and lessons learned from more than 600 operations\n            WeirichJ.\n            LiJ.\n            AbdelfattahT.\n            PedrosoC.\n          2013"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1007\/s40515-021-00205-3","article-title":"Response surface methodology for optimizing stabilization of clay soils using bacterial calcium carbonate precipitation","volume":"9","author":"Winoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Infrastruct. Geotechnol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5301385","article-title":"Mineralization process of biocemented sand and impact of bacteria and calcium ions concentrations on crystal morphology","volume":"2017","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-021-2263-3","article-title":"Improvement of the shearing behaviour of loess using recycled straw fiber reinforcement","volume":"25","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121218","article-title":"Investigating immobilization efficiency of PB in solution and loess soil using bio-inspired carbonate precipitation","volume":"322","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B61","article-title":"Enzyme induced calcite precipitation (EICP) to strengthen the ability of anti-wind erosion of earthen archaeological sites","volume-title":"Ancient underground opening and preservation - proceedings of the international symposium on scientific problems and long-term preservation of large-scale","author":"Yuan","year":"2016"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1139\/cgj-2018-0551","article-title":"Investigating challenges of in situ delivery of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) in fine-grain sands and silty sand","volume":"56","author":"Zamani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Geotechnical J."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784483411.030","article-title":"MICP treatment to mitigate soil liquefaction-induced building settlements","author":"Zamani","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1118993\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T05:41:23Z","timestamp":1681710083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1118993\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1118993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1118993","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"article-number":"1118993"}}