{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:40:03Z","timestamp":1767825603904,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> To quantify the morphology of eyeballs with posterior staphyloma (PS) with Zernike decomposition and to explore the association between Zernike coefficients with existing PS classification.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Fifty-three eyes with high myopia (HM, \u2264-6.00D) and 30 with PS were included. PS was classified with traditional methods based on OCT findings. Eyeballs\u2019 morphology was obtained with 3D MRI, from which the height map of the posterior surface was extracted. Zernike decomposition was performed to derive the coefficients of the 1st-27th items, which were compared between HM and PS eyes with the Mann-Whitney-U test. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to test the effectiveness of using Zernike coefficients to discriminate PS from HM.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Compared to HM eyeballs, PS eyeballs had significantly increased vertical and horizontal tilt, oblique astigmatism, defocus, vertical and horizontal coma, and higher order aberrations (HOA) (all Ps &amp;lt; 0.05). HOA was the most effective in PS classification with an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) value of 0.977. Among the 30\u00a0PS, 19 were the wide macular type with large defocus and negative spherical aberration; 4 were the narrow macular type with positive spherical aberration; 3 were inferior PS with greater vertical tilt, and 4were peripapillary PS with larger horizontal tilt.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> PS eyes have significantly increased Zernike coefficients, and HOA is the most effective parameter to differentiate PS from HM. The geometrical meaning of the Zernike components showed great accordance with PS classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1126543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T09:09:00Z","timestamp":1678439340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantifying the morphology of eyeballs with posterior staphyloma with Zernike polynomials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Rong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanzeng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruihua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.4.5","article-title":"Association between the types of posterior staphyloma and their risk factors in pathological myopia","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(84)34116-1","article-title":"Natural history of choroidal neovascularization in degenerative myopia","volume":"91","author":"Avila","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"67","article-title":"The posterior staphyloma of pathologic myopia","volume":"75","author":"Curtin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.003","article-title":"Long-term pattern of progression of myopic maculopathy: A natural history study","volume":"117","author":"Hayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8585","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7221","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of changes in eyeball shape in emmetropization and myopic changes based on elliptic Fourier descriptors","volume":"52","author":"Ishii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2011.554896","article-title":"Zernike polynomials: A guide","volume":"58","author":"Lakshminarayanan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.034","article-title":"Relationship between three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging eyeball shape and optic nerve head morphology","volume":"128","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315020","article-title":"MRI of posterior eye shape and its associations with myopia and ethnicity","volume":"104","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.018","article-title":"Topographic analyses of shape of eyes with pathologic myopia by high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"118","author":"Moriyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9426","article-title":"Quantitative analyses of high-resolution 3D MR images of highly myopic eyes to determine their shapes","volume":"53","author":"Moriyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-010-0896-8","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with congenital high myopia","volume":"55","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304652","article-title":"Estimation of ocular volume from axial length","volume":"98","author":"Nagra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6046","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10161","article-title":"Association between shape of sclera and myopic retinochoroidal lesions in patients with pathologic myopia","volume":"53","author":"Ohno-Matsui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000001327","article-title":"Features of posterior staphylomas analyzed in wide-field fundus images in patients with unilateral and bilateral pathologic myopia","volume":"37","author":"Ohno-Matsui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.12.001","article-title":"Updates of pathologic myopia","volume":"52","author":"Ohno-Matsui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.03.035","article-title":"Proposed classification of posterior staphylomas based on analyses of eye shape by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and wide-field fundus imaging","volume":"121","author":"Ohno-Matsui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199616010-00006","article-title":"The progression of lacquer cracks in pathologic myopia","volume":"16","author":"Ohno-Matsui","year":"1996","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.8.002386","article-title":"Three-dimensional MRI study of the relationship between eye dimensions, retinal shape and myopia","volume":"8","author":"Pope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199711000-00024","article-title":"Using corneal height maps and polynomial decomposition to determine corneal aberrations","volume":"74","author":"Schwiegerling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.202","article-title":"Analyses of shape of eyes and structure of optic nerves in eyes with tilted disc syndrome by swept-source optical coherence tomography and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"27","author":"Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22319","article-title":"Posterior staphylomas in pathologic myopia imaged by widefield optical coherence tomography","volume":"58","author":"Shinohara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002631","article-title":"Optical quality in keratoconus is associated with corneal Biomechanics","volume":"40","author":"Shugyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8338-0_12","volume-title":"Pathologic myopia","author":"Spaide","year":"2014"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00882606","article-title":"The circle polynomials of Zernike and their application in optics","volume":"13","author":"Tango","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Phys."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12238","article-title":"Current and predicted demographics of high myopia and an update of its associated pathological changes","volume":"35","author":"Verkicharla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.005","article-title":"Corneal high-order aberrations and backscatter in fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy","volume":"122","author":"Wacker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.031","article-title":"Association between eye shape and myopic traction maculopathy in high myopia","volume":"123","author":"Wakazono","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.19.001510","article-title":"Wave-front interpretation with Zernike polynomials","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.11.016","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of posterior staphylomas in myopic eyes with axial length shorter than 26.5 millimeters","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000002180","article-title":"Posterior staphylomas in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa without high myopia","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1126543\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T09:09:05Z","timestamp":1678439345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1126543\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1126543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1126543","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"article-number":"1126543"}}