{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:59:03Z","timestamp":1792684743792,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Intradiscal mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) have been gaining increasing interest due to their capacity to ameliorate intervertebral disc metabolism and relieve low back pain (LBP). Recently, novel investigations have demonstrated that most of MSC anabolic effects are exerted by secreted growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles, collectively defined as their secretome. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of bone-marrow-MSCs (BM-MSCs) and adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) secretomes on human nucleus pulposus cells (hNPCs) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> BM-MSCs and ADSCs were characterized according to surface marker expression by flow cytometry and multilineage differentiation by Alizarin red, Red Oil O and Alcian blue staining. After isolation, hNPCs were treated with either BM-MSC secretome, ADSC secretome, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 followed by BM-MSC secretome or IL-1\u03b2 followed by ADSC secretome. Cell metabolic activity (MTT assay), cell viability (LIVE\/DEAD assay), cell content, glycosaminoglycan production (1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay), extracellular matrix and catabolic marker gene expression (qPCR) were assessed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> 20% BM-MSC and ADSC secretomes (diluted to normal media) showed to exert the highest effect towards cell metabolism and were then used in further experiments. Both BM-MSC and ADSC secretomes improved hNPC viability, increased cell content and enhanced glycosaminoglycan production in basal conditions as well as after IL-1\u03b2 pretreatment. BM-MSC secretome significantly increased <jats:italic>ACAN<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SOX9<\/jats:italic> gene expression, while reducing the levels of <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MMP13<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ADAMTS5<\/jats:italic> both in basal conditions and after <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> inflammation with IL-1\u03b2. Interestingly, under IL-1\u03b2 stimulation, ADSC secretome showed a catabolic effect with decreased extracellular matrix markers and increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> Collectively, our results provide new insights on the biological effect of MSC-derived secretomes on hNPCs, with intriguing implications on the development of cell-free approaches to treat IDD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1152207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T04:59:49Z","timestamp":1678942789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Mesenchymal stem cell-derived secretome enhances nucleus pulposus cell metabolism and modulates extracellular matrix gene expression in vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Veronica","family":"Tilotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Vadal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Cicione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Di Giacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Papalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Denaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2016.0218","article-title":"Different donors mesenchymal stromal cells secretomes reveal heterogeneous profile of relevance for therapeutic use","volume":"26","author":"Assoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24412","article-title":"Differential effector response of amnion- and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to inflammation; implications for intradiscal therapy","volume":"37","author":"Borem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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