{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:44:38Z","timestamp":1791895478462,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Attempted tracheal replacement efforts thus far have had very little success. Major limiting factors have been the inability to efficiently re-vascularise and mimic the mechanical properties of native tissue. The major objective of this study was to optimise a previously developed collagen-hyaluronic acid scaffold (CHyA-B), which has shown to facilitate the growth of respiratory cells in distinct regions, as a potential tracheal replacement device.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A biodegradable thermoplastic polymer was 3D-printed into different designs and underwent multi-modal mechanical assessment. The 3D-printed constructs were incorporated into the CHyA-B scaffolds and subjected to\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    vascularisation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The polymeric backbone provided sufficient strength to the CHyA-B scaffold, with yield loads of 1.31\u20135.17\u00a0N\/mm and flexural moduli of 0.13\u20130.26\u00a0MPa. Angiogenic growth factor release (VEGF and bFGF) and angiogenic gene upregulation (KDR, TEK-2 and ANG-1) was detected in composite scaffolds and remained sustainable up to 14 days. Confocal microscopy and histological sectioning confirmed the presence of infiltrating blood vessel throughout composite scaffolds both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    By addressing both the mechanical and physiological requirements of tracheal scaffolds, this work has begun to pave the way for a new therapeutic option for large tracheal defects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1187500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T16:57:22Z","timestamp":1686070642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Development of tissue-engineered tracheal scaffold with refined mechanical properties and vascularisation for tracheal regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tehreem","family":"Khalid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally-Ann","family":"Cryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergal J.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cian","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2005.11.026","article-title":"Tracheal replacement with an aortic autograft","volume":"29","author":"Azorin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-thoracic Surg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061624","article-title":"3D bioprinted artificial trachea with epithelial cells and chondrogenic-differentiated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"19","author":"Bae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0148","article-title":"The correlation between the internal structure and vascularization of controllable porous bioceramic materials in vivo: A quantitative study","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. - Part A"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000646","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202000646","article-title":"Compression fatigue testing setups for composites\u2014a review","volume":"23","author":"Baumann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006452","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006452","article-title":"VEGF-directed blood vessel patterning: From cells to organism","volume":"2","author":"Bautch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1962.01300220014002","article-title":"Tracheal replacement with heavy Marlex mesh","volume":"84","author":"Beall","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.10.036","article-title":"Designing a tissue-engineered tracheal scaffold for preclinical evaluation","volume":"104","author":"Best","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00738","article-title":"Trachea mechanics for tissue engineering design","volume":"4","author":"Boazak","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2008.01.040","article-title":"Autologous chondrocyte implantation-Technique and long-term follow-up","volume":"39","author":"Brittberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing microvascular formation and vessel maturation through temporal control over multiple pro-angiogenic and pro-maturation factors","volume":"34","author":"Brundo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Tracheal transplantation: Current possibilities","author":"Delaere","year":"2019"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.85","article-title":"Tracheal replacement","volume":"8","author":"Delaere","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/s0001-4079(19)32213-7","article-title":"Tracheal allotransplantation after withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"194","author":"Delaere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Acad. Natl. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc1315273","article-title":"Tracheal allograft after withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"370","author":"Delaere","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04125.x","article-title":"Learning curve in tracheal allotransplantation","volume":"12","author":"Delaere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2789","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor stabilises vascularisation in collagen\u2013glycosaminoglycan scaffolds in vitro","volume":"13","author":"do Amaral","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00371","article-title":"Functionalising collagen-based scaffolds with platelet-rich plasma for enhanced skin wound healing potential","volume":"7","author":"do Amaral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.16-0443","article-title":"Tracheal replacement therapy with a stem cell-seeded graft: Lessons from compassionate use application of a GMP-compliant tissue-engineered medicine","volume":"6","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05518-3","article-title":"Tissue-engineered trachea from a 3D-printed scaffold enhances whole-segment tracheal repair","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.10.1191","article-title":"Tracheal reconstruction using tissue-engineered cartilage","volume":"130","author":"Grimmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. - Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0590","article-title":"Crosslinking and mechanical properties significantly influence cell attachment, proliferation, and migration within collagen glycosaminoglycan scaffolds","volume":"17","author":"Haugh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. - Part a."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2011.01.003","article-title":"Blood vessel maturation, vascular phenotype and angiogenic potential in malignant melanoma: One step forward for overcoming anti-angiogenic drug resistance?","volume":"5","author":"Helfrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E325","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25861","article-title":"Biomechanical and biochemical characterization of porcine tracheal cartilage","volume":"126","author":"Hoffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mitigation of tracheobronchomalacia with 3D-printed personalized medical devices in pediatric patients","volume":"7","author":"Hollister","year":"2016"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.10.53","article-title":"Tracheal suspension by using 3-dimensional printed personalized scaffold in a patient with tracheomalacia","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-2970","article-title":"Biomechanical strength dependence on mammalian airway length","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0499-z","article-title":"Translating tissue-engineered tracheal replacement from bench to bedside","volume":"67","author":"Kalathur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00160","article-title":"Tissue-engineered trachea consisting of electrospun patterned sc-PLA\/GO- g-IL fibrous membranes with antibacterial property and 3D-printed skeletons with elasticity","volume":"20","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.11.010","article-title":"A 3-dimensional bioprinted tracheal segment implant pilot study: Rabbit tracheal resection with graft implantation","volume":"117","author":"Kaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2010.01047.x","article-title":"Possibility of skin epithelial cell transdifferentiation in tracheal reconstruction","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1682","article-title":"An additive manufacturing-based PCL-alginate-chondrocyte bioprinted scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering: PCL-alginate-chondrocyte bioprinted scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Kundu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.3.1152","article-title":"A method for estimating the Young\u2019s modulus of complete tracheal cartilage rings","volume":"70","author":"Lambert","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33679","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m004994200","article-title":"Maintenance of vascular integrity in the embryo requires signaling through the fibroblast growth factor receptor","volume":"275","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.1039\/c9nr10341d","article-title":"Dexamethasone loaded bilayered 3D tubular scaffold reduces restenosis at the anastomotic site of tracheal replacement: In vitro and in vivo assessments","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Reinforced collagen based scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering","author":"Lemoine","year":"2020"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.3.842","article-title":"AB-polymer networks based on oligo(\u025b-caprolactone) segments showing shape-memory properties","volume":"98","author":"Lendlein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27863","article-title":"3D-printed, externally-implanted, bioresorbable airway splints for severe tracheobronchomalacia","volume":"129","author":"Les","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.03.003","article-title":"Regeneration of trachea graft with cartilage support, vascularization, and epithelization","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.04.028","article-title":"A scaffold-bioreactor system for a tissue-engineered trachea","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/tec.2007.0336","article-title":"Evaluation of type II collagen scaffolds reinforced by poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) as tissue-engineered trachea","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. - Part C Methods"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.028","article-title":"Application of scaffold materials in tissue reconstruction in immunocompetent mammals: Our experience and future requirements","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.060","article-title":"Long-term functional reconstruction of segmental tracheal defect by pedicled tissue-engineered trachea in rabbits","volume":"34","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.01.034","article-title":"Patterned, tubular scaffolds mimic longitudinal and radial mechanics of the neonatal trachea","volume":"33","author":"Mansfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40778-017-0108-2","article-title":"Autologous cell seeding in tracheal tissue engineering","volume":"3","author":"Maughan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5223(96)70011-9","article-title":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the airway: Thirty-two-year experience","volume":"112","author":"Maziak","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.08.014","article-title":"The delayed addition of human mesenchymal stem cells to pre-formed endothelial cell networks results in functional vascularization of a collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffold in vivo","volume":"9","author":"McFadden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0550","article-title":"Formation of human capillaries in vitro: The engineering of prevascularized matrices","volume":"16","author":"Monta\u00f1o","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. - Part A"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.3932","article-title":"Treatment of severe acquired tracheomalacia with a patient-specific, 3D-printed, permanent tracheal splint","volume":"143","author":"Morrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.09.063","article-title":"The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"31","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.052","article-title":"The effect of pore size on cell adhesion in collagen-GAG scaffolds","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13379","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1324235111","article-title":"Endothelial cell FGF signaling is required for injury response but not for vascular homeostasis","volume":"111","author":"Oladipupo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.065","article-title":"The development of a tissue-engineered tracheobronchial epithelial model using a bilayered collagen-hyaluronate scaffold","volume":"85","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811700908","article-title":"Clinical application of in situ tissue engineering using a scaffolding technique for reconstruction of the larynx and trachea","volume":"117","author":"Omori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivy315","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of robotic versus open and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery approaches for lobectomy","volume":"28","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"PacettiA.\n          2020"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1131","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1533844","article-title":"An omentum-cultured 3D-printed artificial trachea: In vivo bioreactor","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine Biotechnol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.02.014","article-title":"The effects of glycosaminoglycan content on the compressive modulus of cartilage engineered in type II collagen scaffolds","volume":"16","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.1.219","article-title":"Mechanical properties of human tracheal cartilage","volume":"72","author":"Rains","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2017.03.051","article-title":"Three-Dimensional-printed bioengineered tracheal grafts: Preclinical results and potential for human use","volume":"104","author":"Rehmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"9201","article-title":"Preliminary experiences in trachea scaffold tissue engineering with segmental organ decellularization","volume":"126","author":"Ricardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mitigation of tracheobronchomalacia with 3D-printed personalized medical devices in pediatric patients","volume":"155","author":"Morrison1","year":"2017"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(97)00112-7","article-title":"Ultrastructure and tensile properties of human tracheal cartilage","volume":"31","author":"Roberts","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(79)90902-4","article-title":"Tracheal allotransplantation in man","volume":"313","author":"Rose","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.01.031","article-title":"Collagen scaffolds functionalised with copper-eluting bioactive glass reduce infection and enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"197","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629796","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.629796","article-title":"3D printed biomimetic PCL scaffold as framework interspersed with collagen for long segment tracheal replacement","volume":"9","author":"She","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15406\/mojcsr.2017.04.00076","article-title":"Tissue engineering of the trachea: What is the hold-up?","volume":"4","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2017","journal-title":"MOJ Cell Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210154","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0154-2021","article-title":"Development and clinical translation of tubular constructs for tracheal tissue engineering: A review","volume":"30","author":"Soriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4838","article-title":"The effect of 3D printing on the morphological and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone filament and scaffold","volume":"31","author":"Soufivand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.09.019","article-title":"The in vivo degradation, absorption and excretion of PCL-based implant","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2006.08.023","article-title":"Tissue-engineered trachea: History, problems and the future","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-thoracic Surg."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.01.045","article-title":"Accelerated angiogenesis by continuous medium flow with vascular endothelial growth factor inside tissue-engineered trachea","volume":"31","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-thoracic Surg."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.03.032","article-title":"Nonlinear mechanical property of tracheal cartilage: A theoretical and experimental study","volume":"41","author":"Teng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.002","article-title":"Anisotropic material behaviours of soft tissues in human trachea: An experimental study","volume":"45","author":"Teng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.10.055","article-title":"An ectopic approach for engineering a vascularized tracheal substitute","volume":"35","author":"Tsao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2018.01.17","article-title":"A reassessment of tracheal substitutes\u2014A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Udelsman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5223(04)01142-0","article-title":"Experimental generation of a tissue-engineered functional and vascularized trachea","volume":"128","author":"Walles","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813516751","article-title":"Tracheal reconstruction in a canine model","volume":"150","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. - Head. Neck Surg. (United States)"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002","article-title":"The return of a forgotten polymer - polycaprolactone in the 21st century","volume":"35","author":"Woodruff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1039\/c6tb02484j","article-title":"Application of a bilayer tubular scaffold based on electrospun poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone)\/collagen fibers and yarns for tracheal tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater Chem. B"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2828","article-title":"Tissue-engineered trachea from a 3D-printed scaffold enhances whole-segment tracheal repair in a goat model","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107866","article-title":"Personalized 4D printing of bioinspired tracheal scaffold concept based on magnetic stimulated shape memory composites","volume":"184","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc1206319","article-title":"Bioresorbable airway splint created with a three-dimensional printer","volume":"368","author":"Zopf","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2011.10.008","article-title":"Early outcomes of bilateral sequential single lung transplantation after ex-vivo lung evaluation and reconditioning","volume":"31","author":"Zych","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hear Lung Transpl."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1187500\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T16:57:37Z","timestamp":1686070657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1187500\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1187500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1187500","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"article-number":"1187500"}}