{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T21:22:56Z","timestamp":1788297776955,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The repair of wounds usually caused by trauma or other chronic diseases remained challenging in clinics due to the potential risk of inflammation and inadequate tissue regenerative properties. Among them, the behaviour of immune cells, such as macrophages, is critical in tissue repair.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and methods:<\/jats:bold> In this study, a water-soluble phosphocreatine-grafted methacryloyl chitosan (CSMP) was synthesized with a one-step lyophilization method, followed by the fabrication of CSMP hydrogel with a photocrosslinked method. The microstructure, water absorption and mechanical properties for the hydrogels were investigated. Then, the macrophages were co-cultured with hydrogels and the pro-inflammatory factors and polarization markers for these macrophages were detected through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry methods. Finally, the CSMP hydrogel was implanted in a wound defect area in mice to test its ability to promote wound healing.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The lyophilized CSMP hydrogel had a porous structure with pores ranging in size from 200 to 400\u00a0\u03bcm, which was larger than the CSM hydrogel\u2019s. The lyophilized CSMP hydrogel possessed a higher water absorption rate compared with the CSM hydrogel. The compressive stress and modulus of these hydrogels were increased in the initial 7\u00a0days immersion and then gradually decreased during the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> immersion in PBS solution up to 21\u00a0days; the CSMP hydrogel showed a higher value in these parameters versus the CSM hydrogel. The CSMP hydrogel inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) in an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> study cocultured with pro-inflammatory factors in pre-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM). The mRNA sequencing results showed that the CSMP hydrogel might inhibit the macrophages\u2019 M1 type polarization through the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Furthermore, when compared to the control group, the CSMP hydrogel promoted more skin area repair in the mouse wound defect area, and inflammatory factors such as IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 were lower in the repaired tissue for the CSMP group.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> This phosphate-grafted chitosan hydrogel showed great promise for wound healing through regulating the macrophage\u2019s phenotype via the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1199939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T06:07:37Z","timestamp":1683871657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Advanced phosphocreatine-grafted chitosan hydrogel promote wound healing by macrophage modulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Weibei","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiehua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongzhou","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjaneyulu","family":"Udduttula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119808","article-title":"Polysaccharide-based hydrogels containing herbal extracts for wound healing applications","volume":"294","author":"Abazari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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