{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:47:39Z","timestamp":1792788459958,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016156","name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006225","name":"Oak Ridge Associated Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Medical imaging-based triage is critical for ensuring medical treatment is timely and prioritized. However, without proper image collection and interpretation, triage decisions can be hard to make. While automation approaches can enhance these triage applications, tissue phantoms must be developed to train and mature these novel technologies. Here, we have developed a tissue phantom modeling the ultrasound views imaged during the enhanced focused assessment with sonography in trauma exam (eFAST).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> The tissue phantom utilized synthetic clear ballistic gel with carveouts in the abdomen and rib cage corresponding to the various eFAST scan points. Various approaches were taken to simulate proper physiology without injuries present or to mimic pneumothorax, hemothorax, or abdominal hemorrhage at multiple locations in the torso. Multiple ultrasound imaging systems were used to acquire ultrasound scans with or without injury present and were used to train deep learning image classification predictive models.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Performance of the artificial intelligent (AI) models trained in this study achieved over 97% accuracy for each eFAST scan site. We used a previously trained AI model for pneumothorax which achieved 74% accuracy in blind predictions for images collected with the novel eFAST tissue phantom. Grad-CAM heat map overlays for the predictions identified that the AI models were tracking the area of interest for each scan point in the tissue phantom.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> Overall, the eFAST tissue phantom ultrasound scans resembled human images and were successful in training AI models. Tissue phantoms are critical first steps in troubleshooting and developing medical imaging automation technologies for this application that can accelerate the widespread use of ultrasound imaging for emergency triage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1244616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T13:40:56Z","timestamp":1699969256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["An extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma ultrasound tissue-mimicking phantom for developing automated diagnostic technologies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sofia I.","family":"Hernandez-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Bedolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Berard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.11.004","article-title":"A 3-D-printed patient-specific ultrasound phantom for FAST scan","volume":"47","author":"Al-Zogbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. 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