{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:50:28Z","timestamp":1776127828068,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart disease remains the leading cause of worldwide mortality. Although the last decades have broadened our understanding of the biology behind the pathologies of heart disease, <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> systems capable of mimicking disease progression and abnormal heart function using human cells remain elusive. In this contribution, an open-access electromechanical system (BEaTS-\u03b2) capable of mimicking the environment of cardiac disease is reported. BEaTS-\u03b2 was designed using computer-aided modeling to combine tunable electrical stimulation and mechanical deformation of cells cultured on a flexible elastomer. To recapitulate the clinical scenario of a heart attack more closely, in designing BEaTS-\u03b2 we considered a device capable to operate under hypoxic conditions. We tested human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and coronary artery endothelial cells in our simulated myocardial infarction environment. Our results indicate that, under simulated myocardium infarction, there was a decrease in maturation of cardiomyocytes, and reduced survival of fibroblasts and coronary artery endothelial cells. The open access nature of BEaTS-\u03b2 will allow for other investigators to use this platform to investigate cardiac cell biology or drug therapeutic efficacy <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> under conditions that simulate arrhythmia and\/or myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1253602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T11:45:56Z","timestamp":1694778356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["BEaTS-\u03b2: an open-source electromechanical bioreactor for simulating human cardiac disease conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Takaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Comtois-Bona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Spasojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Variola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Ruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik J.","family":"Suuronen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio I.","family":"Alarcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.2001.1506","article-title":"Myocyte growth and cardiac repair","volume":"34","author":"Anversa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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