{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T08:16:12Z","timestamp":1793261772306,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010950","name":"Science and Technology Department, Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LHGJ20200767 222102310032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHGJ20200767 222102310032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with various diseases such as obesity, digestive problems, osteoporosis, depression, and infections, and has therefore emerged as a topic of great interest in public healthcare. The quantitative assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH VD) in human serum may accurately reflect the nutritional status of vitamin D in the human body, which is significant for the prevention and treatment of vitamin D-deficient patients. In this study, we developed an assay for quantitative detection of 25-OH VD based on the 25-OH VD monoclonal antibody (mAb), and identified the optimal process parameters. The following process settings were found to be suitable for the test strips: pH of 7.6, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) ratio of 1:2000, and the anti-25-OH VD mAb ratio was 1:8. The equilibration time of the immune dynamic assay was 15\u00a0min. Under optimal conditions, the quantum dot nanoparticle-based fluorescent immunochromatographic assay (QDs-FICA) exhibited dynamic linear detection of 25-OH VD in PBS, from 5\u00a0ng\/mL to 100\u00a0ng\/mL, and the strip quantitative curve could be represented by the following regression equation: y = \u22120.02088 logx)+1.444 (R2 = 0.9050). The IC50 of the QDs-FICA was 39.6 \u00b1 1.33\u00a0ng\/mL. The specificity of the QDs-FICA was evaluated by running several structurally related analogues, including 25-OH VD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 25-OH VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, 1,25-OH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, 1,25-OH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>VD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, VD<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and VD<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. The coefficients of variation were all below 10%. The shelf life of the test strips in this study was about 160 days at room temperature. Briefly, this study is the first to perform QDs-FICA for the rapid visual and quantitative detection of 25-OH VD, with great potential significance for clinical diagnosis of vitamin D-associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1326254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T04:34:58Z","timestamp":1703219698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development of ZnCdSe\/ZnS quantum dot-based fluorescence immunochromatographic assay for the rapid visual and quantitative detection 25\u2043hydroxyvitamins D in human serum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jianfa","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoshao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengju","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092158","article-title":"Quantum dot-based lateral flow immunoassay as point-of-care testing for infectious diseases: a narrative review of its principle and performance","author":"Ahmad Najib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn. (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115357","article-title":"Aetiology of nutritional rickets in rural Bangladeshi children","volume":"136","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29553","article-title":"Serum vitamin D metabolites and intestinal calcium absorption efficiency in women","author":"Aloia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1172\/jci112483","article-title":"Long-term nocturnal calcium infusions can cure rickets and promote normal mineralization in hereditary resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D","author":"Balsan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.02.008","article-title":"Low vitamin D status: definition, prevalence, consequences, and correction","author":"Binkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00593-z","article-title":"The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: evidence from human studies","author":"Bouillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21568","article-title":"Quantum dot bead-based competitive immunochromatographic assay for enterotoxin aureus A detection in pasteurized milk","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112482","article-title":"Vitamin D and neurological diseases: an endocrine view","author":"Di Somma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2021.211034","article-title":"The measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D in chronic HBV patients using LC-MS\/MS","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(83)80407-7","article-title":"Circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations in children with nutritional rickets","author":"Garab\u00e9dian","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.01.003","article-title":"Quantum dots as versatile probes in medical sciences: synthesis, modification and properties","author":"Geszke-Moritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater Sci. Eng. C Mater Biol. Appl."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161118666200317151955","article-title":"Vitamin D and vascular disease","author":"Gouni-Berthold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030593","article-title":"The one-hundred-year anniversary of the discovery of the sunshine vitamin D(3): historical, personal experience and evidence-based perspectives","author":"Holick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120193","article-title":"The peculiar role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Janjusevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105796","article-title":"Multiplex LC-MS\/MS for simultaneous determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), albumin, and vitamin D-binding protein with its isoforms: One-step estimation of bioavailable vitamin D and vitamin D metabolite ratio","volume":"206","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7220","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.2c01923","article-title":"Characterization of the interfacial structures of core\/shell CdSe\/ZnS QDs","author":"Koo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116225","article-title":"A universal fluorescent immunochromatography assay based on quantum dot nanoparticles for the rapid detection of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1039\/c4lc01370k","article-title":"A lateral electrophoretic flow diagnostic assay","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092736","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D in tumorigenesis","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106233","article-title":"Development of nanoluciferase-based sensing system that can specifically detect 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in living cells","volume":"227","author":"Mano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.57.11.848","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and rickets in infants of extremely low birthweight","author":"McIntosh","year":"1982","journal-title":"Archives Dis. Child"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.01.089","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical determination of tert-butylhydroquinone in edible oil samples employing CdSe\/ZnS quantum dots and LiTCNE","volume":"227","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)61647-5","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15421-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 143 loci associated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration","author":"Revez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.04.058","article-title":"Immunochromatographic assay for quantitative and sensitive detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen using highly luminescent quantum dot-beads","volume":"142","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c03968","article-title":"Visible light-mediated photoactivated sulfur quantum dots as heightened antibacterial agents","author":"Shivalkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11121058","article-title":"Quantum dots: an emerging tool for point-of-care testing","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Micromachines (Basel)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202207797","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202207797","article-title":"A nanobody-on-quantum dot displacement assay for rapid and sensitive quantification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.03.022","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D: analysis and clinical application","volume":"433","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109123","article-title":"Analytical methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D: advantages and limitations of the existing assays","volume":"109","author":"Tripathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.5.842","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety","author":"Vieth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130372","article-title":"Development of an ultrasensitive fluorescent immunochromatographic assay based on multilayer quantum dot nanobead for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen and influenza A virus","volume":"345","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200564r","article-title":"Quantum dot layer-by-layer assemblies as signal amplification labels for ultrasensitive electronic detection of uropathogens","author":"Xiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339140","article-title":"Quantum dots for electrochemiluminescence bioanalysis - a review","volume":"1209","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"435","article-title":"Comparison for ELISA and CLIA of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D determination","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3449-y","article-title":"Fluorescent microbeads for point-of-care testing: a review","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02990-1","article-title":"Detection of ochratoxin A by quantum dots-based fluorescent immunochromatographic assay","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu1419389","article-title":"Vitamin D-binding protein, bioavailable, and free 25(OH)D, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1326254\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T04:35:08Z","timestamp":1703219708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1326254\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1326254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1326254","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"article-number":"1326254"}}