{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:43:50Z","timestamp":1792755830233,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts divert cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) out of cerebral ventricles in patients with hydrocephalus or elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Despite high failure rates, there exist limited clinically viable solutions for long-term and continuous outpatient monitoring of CSF flow rate through VP shunts. We present a novel, low-power method for sensing analog CSF flow rate through a VP shunt premised on induced spatial electrical charge variation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Two geometric variants of the proposed sensing mechanism were prototyped: linear wire (P1) and cylindrical (P2) electrodes. Normal saline was gravity-driven through P1 and a commercially available shunt system in series. True flow rates were measured using a high-precision analytical balance. Subsequently, artificial CSF was driven by a programmable syringe pump through P2. Flow rate prediction models were empirically derived and tested. Sensor response was also assessed during simulated obstruction trials. Finally, power consumption per flow measurement was measured.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> P1 (17\u00a0mm long) and P2 (22\u00a0mm long) averaged 7.2% and 4.2% error, respectively, in flow rate measurement from 0.01 to 0.90\u00a0mL\/min. Response curves exhibited an appreciably flattened profile during obstruction trials compared to non-obstructed states. P2 consumed 37.5 \u00b5Joules per flow measurement.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> We propose a novel method for accurately sensing CSF flow rate through a VP shunt and validate this method at the benchtop with normal saline and artificial CSF over a board range of flows (0.01\u20130.90\u00a0mL\/min). The sensing element is highly power efficient, compact, insertable into existing shunt and valve assemblies, and does not alter CSF flow mechanics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1339831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T04:12:45Z","timestamp":1704946365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A novel ventriculoperitoneal shunt flow sensor based on electrically induced spatial variation in cerebrospinal fluid charge density"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Zarrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matiar","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey P.","family":"Colby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"24-Bit, 30kSPS, 8-ch delta-sigma ADC with PGA for factory automation and process control2023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.108","article-title":"Rate and risk factors of early ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision: a five-year retrospective Analysis of a referral center","volume":"134","author":"Ahmadvand","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Microchip technology2023"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2335171","article-title":"Impedance changes indicate proximal ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction in vitro","volume":"62","author":"Basati","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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