{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:50:19Z","timestamp":1790740219110,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in foot at different sole-ground contact angles during forefoot running. This study tried to help forefoot runners better control and improve their technical movements by comparing different sole-ground contact angles.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A male participant of Chinese ethnicity was enlisted for the present study, with a recorded age of 25\u00a0years, a height of 183\u00a0cm, and a body weight of 80\u00a0kg. This study focused on forefoot strike patterns through FE analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    It can be seen that the peak von Mises stress of M1-5 (Metatarsal) of\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (Contact angle: 9.54) is greater than that of\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (Contact angle: 7.58) and\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (Contact angle: 5.62) in the three cases. On the contrary, the peak von Mises stress of MC (Medial Cuneiform), IC (Intermediate Cuneiform), LC (Lateral Cuneiform), C (Cuboid), N (Navicular), T (Tarsal) in three different cases is opposite, and the peak von Mises stress of c is greater than that of a and b. The peak von Mises stress of b is between a and c.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study found that a reduced sole-ground contact angle may reduce metatarsal stress fractures. Further, a small sole-ground contact angle may not increase ankle joint injury risk during forefoot running. Hence, given the specialized nature of the running shoes designed for forefoot runners, it is plausible that this study may offer novel insights to guide their athletic pursuits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1337540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:17:51Z","timestamp":1707351471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of different contact angles during forefoot running on the stresses of the foot bones: a finite element simulation study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Datao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ukadike Chris","family":"Ugbolue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaodong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(03)00257-4","article-title":"Comparison of the elastic and yield properties of human femoral trabecular and cortical bone tissue","volume":"37","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. biomechanics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4271\/2008-22-0018","article-title":"Development of a finite element model to study the effects of muscle forces on knee-thigh-hip injuries in frontal crashes","volume":"52","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2014.930447","article-title":"Explicit finite element modelling of heel pad mechanics in running: inclusion of body dynamics and application of physiological impact loads","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. methods biomechanics Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.04.024","article-title":"Role of gastrocnemius\u2013soleus muscle in forefoot force transmission at heel rise\u2014a 3D finite element analysis","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. biomechanics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280903002323","article-title":"Current methods in computer-aided engineering for footwear design","volume":"1","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.031","article-title":"A 3-dimensional finite element model of the human foot and ankle for insole design","volume":"86","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives Phys. Med. rehabilitation"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.035","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the foot during standing\u2014a material sensitivity study","volume":"38","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. biomechanics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-009-0801-x","article-title":"Landing impact analysis of sports shoes using 3-D coupled foot-shoe finite element model","volume":"23","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00599700","article-title":"Measurement of muscle and tendon stiffness in man","volume":"72","author":"Cook","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. physiology Occup. physiology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.003","article-title":"Gait retraining to reduce lower extremity loading in runners","volume":"26","author":"Crowell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(81)90128-7","article-title":"An analysis of soft tissue loading in the foot","volume":"14","author":"Crowninshield","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079601700207","article-title":"Gross, histological, and microvascular anatomy and biomechanical testing of the spring ligament complex","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Foot ankle Int."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2014.02.005","article-title":"Is the rearfoot pattern the most frequently foot strike pattern among recreational shod distance runners?","volume":"16","author":"de Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2007.901024","article-title":"OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement","volume":"54","author":"Delp","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5334\/paah.109","article-title":"The prevalence of lower extremity injuries in running and associated risk factors: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Dempster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Activity Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1754337115591755","article-title":"Landing impact analysis of sport surfaces using three-dimensional finite element model","volume":"230","author":"Farhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Institution Mech. Eng. Part P J. Sports Eng. Technol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1318904","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of the three-dimensional foot structure during gait: a basic tool for clinical applications","volume":"122","author":"Gefen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0856-4","article-title":"Computer simulation of stress distribution in the metatarsals at different inversion landing angles using the finite element method","volume":"34","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2020.1856916","article-title":"Footstrike patterns and race performance in the 2017 IAAF World Championship men\u2019s 10,000 m final","author":"Hanley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200708000-00040","article-title":"Foot strike patterns of runners at the 15-km point during an elite-level half marathon","volume":"21","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02368234","article-title":"Mechanical and biochemical analyses of tibial compartment fascia in chronic compartment syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Hurschler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1372627","article-title":"In-shoe loading in rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers during running using minimalist footwear","volume":"35","author":"Kernozek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401501007","article-title":"Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis","volume":"15","author":"Kitaoka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Foot ankle Int."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200102000-00006","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of the Lisfranc and dorsal cuneometatarsal ligaments: in vitro biomechanical study","volume":"15","author":"Kura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Orthop. trauma"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.610347","article-title":"Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race","volume":"29","author":"Larson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. sports Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08723","article-title":"Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners","volume":"463","author":"Lieberman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.09.018","article-title":"Stress distribution of metatarsals during forefoot strike versus rearfoot strike: a finite element study","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.32604\/mcb.2022.019978","article-title":"Effects of forefoot shoe on knee and ankle loading during running in male recreational runners","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/ijbet.2022.123256","article-title":"A biomechanical analysis of prosthesis disc in lumbar spinal segment using three-dimensional finite element modelling","volume":"39","author":"Mabrouk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0622-z","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of functional adaptation of metatarsal bones in statically deformed feet","volume":"33","author":"Madjarevic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500107","article-title":"Stress fractures in athletes: a study of 320 cases","volume":"15","author":"Matheson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679809002357","article-title":"Lateral ankle ligaments and tibiofibular syndesmosis: 13-MHz high-frequency sonography and MRI compared in 20 patients","volume":"69","author":"Milz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-015-9146-z","article-title":"Computational foot modeling: scope and applications","volume":"23","author":"Morales-Orcajo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archives Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-2-12","article-title":"Determination of normal values for navicular drop during walking: a new model correcting for foot length and gender","volume":"2","author":"Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. foot ankle Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.06.011","article-title":"In vivo measurements of the elastic mechanical properties of human skin by indentation tests","volume":"30","author":"Pailler-Mattei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5334\/paah.226","article-title":"Foot morphology and running gait pattern between the left and right limbs in recreational runners","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Activity Health"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318247989e","article-title":"Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy","volume":"44","author":"Perl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.18.4.553","article-title":"Reliability of open and closed kinetic chain subtalar joint neutral positions and navicular drop test","volume":"18","author":"Picciano","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079424","article-title":"A dynamic finite element analysis of human foot complex in the sagittal plane during level walking","volume":"8","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11091243","article-title":"Simulation of lower limb muscle activation using running shoes with different heel-to-toe drops using opensim","volume":"11","author":"Quan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0607-3","article-title":"A finite element model of the foot and ankle for automotive impact applications","volume":"40","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078800800502","article-title":"The mechanical characteristics of the collateral ligaments of the human ankle joint","volume":"8","author":"Siegler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Foot ankle."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"6","article-title":"Biomechanical and physiological comparison of barefoot and two shod conditions in experienced barefoot runners","volume":"49","author":"Squadrone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.2.95","article-title":"A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries","volume":"36","author":"Taunton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109994","article-title":"What has finite element analysis taught us about diabetic foot disease and its management? A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Telfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.03.002","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic comparison of barefoot and shod running in mid\/forefoot and rearfoot strike runners","volume":"41","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00768.x","article-title":"Risk factors for lower extremity injuries among male marathon runners","volume":"18","author":"van Middelkoop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. sports"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791238","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.791238","article-title":"The influence of heel height on strain variation of plantar fascia during high heel shoes walking-combined musculoskeletal modeling and finite element analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134340","article-title":"Effects of ankle arthrodesis on biomechanical performance of the entire foot","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1359-7","article-title":"Computational models of the foot and ankle for pathomechanics and clinical applications: a review","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154435","article-title":"Finite element analysis of foot and ankle impact injury: risk evaluation of calcaneus and talus fracture","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/s0268-0033(00)00089-9","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the human achilles tendon","volume":"16","author":"Wren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.09.009","article-title":"Nonlinear finite element analysis for musculoskeletal biomechanics of medial and lateral plantar longitudinal arch of Virtual Chinese Human after plantar ligamentous structure failures","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07054-1","article-title":"Explaining the differences of gait patterns between high and low-mileage runners with machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1504\/ijbet.2023.134589","article-title":"Effects of different cushioned insoles on ankle and knee joints biomechanics during load carriage running","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2664856","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of foot\u2013ankle complex during jogging with rearfoot strike versus forefoot strike","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomechanics"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5334\/paah.45","article-title":"Is there a relationship between strike pattern and injury during running: a review","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Activity Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.37190\/abb-02022-2022-03","article-title":"A foot joint and muscle force assessment of the running stance phase whilst wearing normal shoes and bionic shoes","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1337540\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:17:56Z","timestamp":1707351476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1337540\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1337540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1337540","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"article-number":"1337540"}}