{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:03:57Z","timestamp":1787965437677,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone defects can arise from trauma or pathological factors, resulting in compromised bone integrity and the loss or absence of bone tissue. As we are all aware, repairing bone defects is a core problem in bone tissue engineering. While minor bone defects can self-repair if the periosteum remains intact and normal osteogenesis occurs, significant defects or conditions such as congenital osteogenesis imperfecta present substantial challenges to self-healing. As research on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) advances, new fields of application have emerged; however, their application in orthopedics remains one of the most established and clinically valuable directions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research progress regarding MSCs in the treatment of diverse bone defects. MSCs, as multipotent stem cells, offer significant advantages due to their immunomodulatory properties and ability to undergo osteogenic differentiation. The review will encompass the characteristics of MSCs within the osteogenic microenvironment and summarize the research progress of MSCs in different types of bone defects, ranging from their fundamental characteristics and animal studies to clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1421674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T04:39:15Z","timestamp":1729485555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Revolutionizing bone defect healing: the power of mesenchymal stem cells as seeds"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yueyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengke","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.30030","article-title":"Biodistribution of gadolinium- and near infrared-labeled human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes in tumor bearing mice","volume":"9","author":"Abello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-024-10724-6","article-title":"Adipose tissue and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are not really the same: investigating the differences in their immunomodulatory, migratory, and adhesive profile","author":"Abu-El-Rub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1559","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses","volume":"105","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24978","article-title":"Masquelet\u2019s induced membrane technique: review of current concepts and future directions","volume":"39","author":"Alford","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2004.13.436","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: isolation and therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"Alhadlaq","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13057","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713057","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of mesenchymal stromal cells secretome in comparison to leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin","volume":"24","author":"Al-Sharabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0755-3","article-title":"High-throughput immunophenotypic characterization of bone marrow- and cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells reveals common and differentially expressed markers: identification of angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) as a marker differentially expressed between adult and perinatal tissue sources","volume":"9","author":"Amati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107823","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and M2 macrophage polarization-promoting effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes","volume":"97","author":"Arabpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-017-9741-5","article-title":"Bioprinting and organ-on-chip applications towards personalized medicine for bone diseases","volume":"13","author":"Arrigoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1089\/cell.2016.0035","article-title":"Comparison of human amniotic, chorionic, and umbilical cord multipotent mesenchymal stem cells regarding their capacity for differentiation toward female germ cells","volume":"19","author":"Asgari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Reprogr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2018.2633","article-title":"Upregulation of miR-210 promotes differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts","volume":"18","author":"Asgharzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3390\/md21090473","article-title":"Development of a novel marine-derived tricomposite biomaterial for bone regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Aslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5045124","article-title":"Modulation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem\/stromal cell transcriptome by G-CSF stimulation","volume":"2020","author":"Avila-Portillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5855","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225855","article-title":"The release of inflammatory mediators from acid-stimulated mesenchymal stromal cells favours tumour invasiveness and metastasis in osteosarcoma","volume":"13","author":"Avnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3109","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor mediates mesenchymal stem cell\u2013induced recovery in multiple sclerosis models","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-472x(01)00769-x","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-020-00047-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium in bone regeneration in animal and human models: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Benavides-Castellanos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Regen."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6424","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912437107","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits CNS autoimmunity by inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells and CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"107","author":"Benkhoucha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.09.006","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells: sensors and switchers of inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Bernardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02697-9","article-title":"The application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their derivative exosome in skin wound healing: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Bian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100913-013132","article-title":"\u201cMesenchymal\u201d stem cells","volume":"30","author":"Bianco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152263","article-title":"CD146 defines a mesenchymal stromal cell subpopulation with enhanced suppressive properties","volume":"11","author":"Bikorimana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8234","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098234","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from different sources of mesenchymal stromal cells have distinct effects on lung and distal organs in experimental sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Blanco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0410207","article-title":"Tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells attract peripheral blood neutrophils and enhance their inflammatory activity in response to microbial challenge","volume":"88","author":"Brandau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240560303","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in bone development, bone repair, and skeletal regenaration therapy","volume":"56","author":"Bruder","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1392.000","article-title":"Novel markers for the prospective isolation of human MSC","volume":"1106","author":"B\u00fchring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2204871","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204871","article-title":"Mitochondrial transfer regulates cell fate through metabolic remodeling in osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31115","article-title":"Effect of the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing BMP-9 on osteoblast differentiation and bone repair","volume":"238","author":"Calixto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01288","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of MSC on B cells is independent of secreted extracellular vesicles","volume":"10","author":"Carreras-Planella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0840-2","article-title":"Inflammatory licensed equine MSCs are chondroprotective and exhibit enhanced immunomodulation in an inflammatory environment","volume":"9","author":"Cassano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875363","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.875363","article-title":"Injectable photo-crosslinked bioactive BMSCs-BMP2-GelMA scaffolds for bone defect repair","volume":"10","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0197","article-title":"Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing","volume":"25","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2021.100372","article-title":"New perspective into mesenchymal stem cells: molecular mechanisms regulating osteosarcoma","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2015.07.022","article-title":"Comparative analysis of biological characteristics of adult mesenchymal stem cells with different tissue origins","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001886","article-title":"Paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells recruit macrophages and endothelial lineage cells and enhance wound healing","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00579","article-title":"Combination of G-CSF and AMD3100 improves the anti-inflammatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells on inducing M2 polarization of macrophages through NF-\u03baB-IL1RA signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2022.05.004","article-title":"Modulating macrophage polarization for the enhancement of fracture healing, a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Chow","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2018-0047","article-title":"Screen-enrich-combine circulating system to prepare MSC\/\u03b2-TCP for bone repair in fractures with depressed tibial plateau","volume":"14","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0","article-title":"Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the global burden of disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Cieza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1305","article-title":"Activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibition reverses impairment of endothelial cell viability by endogenous islet mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"31","author":"Clarkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13432","article-title":"Comparison of the paracrine activity of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord, amniotic membrane and adipose tissue","volume":"43","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0105-2","article-title":"Efficacy of autologous stem cell-based therapy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease: a five-year follow-up study","volume":"6","author":"Daltro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0103","article-title":"MSC frequency correlates with blood vessel density in equine adipose tissue","volume":"15","author":"da Silva Meirelles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103180","article-title":"IL-10 triggers changes in macrophage phenotype that promote muscle growth and regeneration","volume":"189","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00367373","article-title":"Purely lytic osteoasarcoma","volume":"9","author":"deSantos","year":"1982","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041022","article-title":"Biofunctionalized scaffold in bone tissue repair","volume":"19","author":"Diomede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.107861","article-title":"Case report: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with core decompression in the treatment of early-stage avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"102","author":"Diri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9108681","article-title":"IGF-1-Overexpressing mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells promote immunomodulatory and proregenerative effects in chronic experimental chagas disease","volume":"2018","author":"Dn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem cells Int."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000063","article-title":"Intravenous application of CD271-selected mesenchymal stem cells during fracture healing","volume":"28","author":"Dreger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0418-9","article-title":"Heterogeneity of proangiogenic features in mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and placenta","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119628","article-title":"Amelioration of osteogenesis in iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells from osteogenesis imperfecta patients by endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor","volume":"278","author":"Duangchan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.03.012","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells as delivery vehicle of porphyrin loaded nanoparticles: effective photoinduced in vitro killing of osteosarcoma","volume":"168","author":"Duchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1004","article-title":"Allogeneic marrow stromal cells are immune rejected by MHC class I- and class II-mismatched recipient mice","volume":"106","author":"Eliopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.05.021","article-title":"Human osteoarthritic synovium impacts chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via macrophage polarisation state","volume":"22","author":"Fahy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.40","article-title":"Pre-treatment with IL-1\u03b2 enhances the efficacy of MSC transplantation in DSS-induced colitis","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.04.101","article-title":"CD105 promotes chondrogenesis of synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells through Smad2 signaling","volume":"474","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16114117","article-title":"Bone grafts in dental medicine: an overview of autografts, allografts and synthetic materials","volume":"16","author":"Ferraz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. (Basel)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-016-0120-9","article-title":"Characterizing heterogeneity in the response of synovial mesenchymal progenitor cells to synovial macrophages in normal individuals and patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Fichadiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. (Lond)"},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues\n            FriedensteinA. J.\n            PetrakovaK. V.\n            KurolesovaA. I.\n            FrolovaG. P.\n          1968"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02456-w","article-title":"Systemic therapy of MSCs in bone regeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.10.149","article-title":"Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 indicates the differentiation potential of human bone marrow stromal cells","volume":"365","author":"Fukiage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0285","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote fracture healing in a mouse model","volume":"5","author":"Furuta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082312","article-title":"CTLA-4 mediates inhibitory function of mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells","volume":"19","author":"Gaber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.06.026","article-title":"The clinical use of enriched bone marrow stem cells combined with porous beta-tricalcium phosphate in posterior spinal fusion","volume":"29","author":"Gan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73893","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073893","article-title":"Use of autologous human mesenchymal stromal cell\/fibrin clot constructs in upper limb non-unions: long-term assessment","volume":"8","author":"Giannotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3696","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce division arrest anergy of activated T cells","volume":"105","author":"Glennie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2013.04.004","article-title":"The role of prostaglandin E2 in human vascular inflammation","volume":"89","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.02.070","article-title":"Early efficacy evaluation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) combined to biomaterials to treat long bone non-unions","volume":"51","author":"G\u00f3mez-Barrena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030508","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the femoral head safely healed with autologous, expanded, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in a multicentric trial with minimum 5 Years follow-up","volume":"10","author":"G\u00f3mez-Barrena","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2013-0090","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal transplantation of fetal mesenchymal stem cells in osteogenesis imperfecta: a two-center experience","volume":"3","author":"G\u00f6therstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3109\/14653249.2011.627916","article-title":"A regenerative approach for bone repair in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia associated or not associated with type 1 neurofibromatosis: correlation between laboratory findings and clinical outcome","volume":"14","author":"Granchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.05.016","article-title":"HtrA3 paves the way for MSC migration and promotes osteogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948336","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 sensitize human MSC for IFN-\u03b3 signaling and enhance neutrophil recruitment","volume":"51","author":"Hackel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.04.002","article-title":"Delayed union and nonunions: epidemiology, clinical issues, and financial aspects","volume":"45","author":"Hak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.04.063","article-title":"Application and improvement of ipsilateral clavicle turnover during proximal humeral tumorous bone defect repair","volume":"52","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214019","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1214019","article-title":"Engineering of extracellular matrix from human iPSC-mesenchymal progenitors to enhance osteogenic capacity of human bone marrow stromal cells independent of their age","volume":"11","author":"Hanetseder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052472","article-title":"The cross-talk between mesenchymal stem cells and immune cells in tissue repair and regeneration","volume":"22","author":"Harrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1587","article-title":"The role of Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue repair and regeneration","volume":"46","author":"Harrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.08.012","article-title":"Remote control of the recruitment and capture of endogenous stem cells by ultrasound for in situ repair of bone defects","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7921760","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote M2 macrophage phenotype through exosomes","volume":"2019","author":"Heo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3941-8","article-title":"Cell therapy versus simultaneous contralateral decompression in symptomatic corticosteroid osteonecrosis: a thirty year follow-up prospective randomized study of one hundred and twenty five adult patients","volume":"42","author":"Hernigou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-021-05160-9","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy improved outcome of early post-traumatic shoulder osteonecrosis: a prospective randomized clinical study of fifty patients with over ten year follow-up","volume":"45","author":"Hernigou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-014-2285-2","article-title":"Supercharging irradiated allografts with mesenchymal stem cells improves acetabular bone grafting in revision arthroplasty","volume":"38","author":"Hernigou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2902","article-title":"In vitro simulation of the early proinflammatory phase in fracture healing reveals strong immunomodulatory effects of CD146-positive mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"13","author":"Herrmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm7477","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abm7477","article-title":"The enhancer landscape predetermines the skeletal regeneration capacity of stromal cells","volume":"15","author":"Hochmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.08.034","article-title":"Research progress of bone-targeted drug delivery system on metastatic bone tumors","volume":"350","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt546","article-title":"Exosomes secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate limb ischemia by promoting angiogenesis in mice","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S423819","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and the regulation of bone immunity in bone homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21783-2","article-title":"Magnesium enhances the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting activated macrophage-induced inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.04.017","article-title":"Functionally engineered extracellular vesicles improve bone regeneration","volume":"109","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0198-7","article-title":"The fate of systemically administrated allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in mouse femoral fracture healing","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5804147","article-title":"IGF-1 gene transfer to human synovial MSCs promotes their chondrogenic differentiation potential without induction of the hypertrophic phenotype","volume":"2017","author":"Ikeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2024.101760","article-title":"Orthobiologics in delayed union and non-union of adult long bones fractures: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Impieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830928","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.830928","article-title":"Circulating TGF-\u03b2 pathway in osteogenesis imperfecta pediatric patients subjected to MSCs-based cell therapy","volume":"10","author":"Infante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.265","article-title":"Reiterative infusions of MSCs improve pediatric osteogenesis imperfecta eliciting a pro-osteogenic paracrine response: TERCELOI clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Infante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0058OC","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling","volume":"32","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13441","article-title":"An MSC bone-homing compound, Rab001, increases bone mass and reduces the incidence of osteonecrosis in a glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis mouse model","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08398-4","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media inhibited macrophages activation in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10696","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of bone marrow multipotential mesenchymal progenitor cells","volume":"46","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.455","article-title":"Formulated siRNAs targeting Rankl prevent osteolysis and enhance chemotherapeutic response in osteosarcoma models","volume":"26","author":"Julie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. bone mineral Res."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.06.022","article-title":"Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell sheet therapy for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in a rat model","volume":"42","author":"Kaibuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.1617","article-title":"Do autologous mesenchymal stem cells augment bone growth and contact to massive bone tumor implants?","volume":"12","author":"Kalia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.03.070","article-title":"Cannabidiol-loaded microspheres incorporated into osteoconductive scaffold enhance mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and regeneration of critical-sized bone defects","volume":"101","author":"Kamali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater Sci. Eng. C Mater Biol. Appl."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1030-y","article-title":"Clinical efficiency of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell implantation for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a matched pair control study with simple core decompression","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878194","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.878194","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from TNF\u03b1 preconditioned MSCs: effects on immunomodulation and bone regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2021.08.012","article-title":"Migration and phenotype switching of macrophages at early-phase of bone-formation by secretomes from bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells using rat calvaria bone defect model","volume":"17","author":"Katagiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac016","article-title":"Genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells as a new trend for treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease","volume":"208","author":"Keshavarz Shahbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105555","article-title":"Murine iPSC-loaded scaffold grafts improve bone regeneration in critical-size bone defects","volume":"25","author":"Kessler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06844-1","article-title":"Hypophosphatasia diagnosis: current state of the art and proposed diagnostic criteria for children and adults","volume":"35","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.002","article-title":"Enhanced immunosuppressive properties of human mesenchymal stem cells primed by interferon-\u03b3","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-018-0163-5","article-title":"GM-CSF enhances mobilization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via a CXCR4-medicated mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2020.46.5.361","article-title":"Guided bone regeneration","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2603","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 indicates therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"35","author":"Kota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-023-03511-3","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells combined with secretome for treating congenital pseudarthrosis of the Tibia: a case series","volume":"33","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41161","article-title":"Multiparameter analysis identifies heterogeneity in knee osteoarthritis synovial responses","volume":"72","author":"Labinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7308","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-4130","article-title":"Therapeutic relevance of osteoprotegerin gene therapy in osteosarcoma: blockade of the vicious cycle between tumor cell proliferation and bone resorption","volume":"67","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062175","article-title":"Biofabrication of SDF-1 functionalized 3D-printed cell-free scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-0892-y","article-title":"Clinical-scale expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells: a large banking experience","volume":"14","author":"Lechanteur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20469","article-title":"In vitro hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01548-4","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells mediated delivery of photoactive nanoparticles inhibits osteosarcoma growth in vitro and in a murine in vivo ectopic model","volume":"39","author":"Lenna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01347-3","article-title":"Engineering stem cells to produce exosomes with enhanced bone regeneration effects: an alternative strategy for gene therapy","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.01.001","article-title":"Biphasic calcium phosphate recruits Tregs to promote bone regeneration","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12658","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12658","article-title":"Enhanced bone tissue regeneration of a biomimetic cellular scaffold with co-cultured MSCs-derived osteogenic and angiogenic cells","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12092","article-title":"Interleukin-6 downregulation with mesenchymal stem cell differentiation results in loss of immunoprivilege","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2131-y","article-title":"Gastric cancer-derived mesenchymal stromal cells trigger M2 macrophage polarization that promotes metastasis and EMT in gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3242","article-title":"Stem cell homing: from physiology to therapeutics","volume":"38","author":"Liesveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-021-00141-5","article-title":"Mapping the immune microenvironment for mandibular alveolar bone homeostasis at single-cell resolution","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.12.020","article-title":"Hypoxic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote bone fracture healing by the transfer of miR-126","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.16951","article-title":"Exosomes secreted from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent osteonecrosis of the femoral head by promoting angiogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2013.0673","article-title":"Systemic infusion of mesenchymal stem cells improves cell-based bone regeneration via upregulation of regulatory T cells","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.16-0363","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as mediators of anti-inflammatory effects: endorsement of macrophage polarization","volume":"6","author":"Lo Sicco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt216","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells generate a CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell population during the differentiation process of Th1 and Th17 cells","volume":"4","author":"Luz-Crawford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e667","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008564","article-title":"Reconstruction of temporomandibular joint and skull base defect following osteosarcoma resection","volume":"33","author":"Macho\u0148","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Craniofac Surg."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119833","article-title":"Nano-particle mediated M2 macrophage polarization enhances bone formation and MSC osteogenesis in an IL-10 dependent manner","volume":"239","author":"Mahon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.10.041","article-title":"Orthopaedic implant materials drive M1 macrophage polarization in a spleen tyrosine kinase- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner","volume":"65","author":"Mahon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.07.006","article-title":"MHC-II: a mutual support system for ILCs and T cells?","volume":"41","author":"Maizels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.0271","article-title":"Stem cells associated with macroporous bioceramics for long bone repair: 6- to 7-year outcome of a pilot clinical study","volume":"13","author":"Marcacci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31532","article-title":"Pharmacological and biological therapeutic strategies for osteogenesis imperfecta","volume":"172","author":"Marom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0367-3","article-title":"Therapeutic interactions between mesenchymal stem cells for healing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw","volume":"7","author":"Matsuura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102312","article-title":"MSC-like cells increase ability of monocyte-derived dendritic cells to polarize IL-17-\/IL-10-producing T cells via CTLA-4","volume":"24","author":"M\u00e1zl\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16646-2","article-title":"Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell-derived matrix with powerful osteoregenerative capabilities","volume":"11","author":"McNeill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B143","first-page":"431","article-title":"Effectiveness of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) as adjuvant therapy in the surgical treatment of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"34","author":"Memeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-023-00918-9","article-title":"The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-\u03b2 and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease","volume":"34","author":"Mengrui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X657378","article-title":"Therapeutic superiority for cartilage repair by CD271-positive marrow stromal cell transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Mifune","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.730","article-title":"Combination of human amniotic fluid derived-mesenchymal stem cells and nano-hydroxyapatite scaffold enhances bone regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Mohammed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102999","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and osteoporosis: a review","volume":"12","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.139.BJR-2024-0122.R1","article-title":"The interactions of macrophages, lymphocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells during bone regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Murayama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034339","article-title":"Macrophage polarization","volume":"79","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-012-9408-1","article-title":"Immune-related antigens, surface molecules and regulatory factors in human-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: the expression and impact of inflammatory priming","volume":"8","author":"Najar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2019.01.002","article-title":"Characteristic differences of cell sheets composed of mesenchymal stem cells with different tissue origins","volume":"11","author":"Nakao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.12.046","article-title":"Exosomes from TNF-\u03b1-treated human gingiva-derived MSCs enhance M2 macrophage polarization and inhibit periodontal bone loss","volume":"122","author":"Nakao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1905","article-title":"Bone marrow stromal cells attenuate sepsis via prostaglandin E(2)-dependent reprogramming of host macrophages to increase their interleukin-10 production","volume":"15","author":"N\u00e9meth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.05.042","article-title":"Modulating the phenotype of host macrophages to enhance osteogenesis in MSC-laden hydrogels: design of a glucomannan coating material","volume":"139","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v025a03","article-title":"CD73\/5\u2019-ecto-nucleotidase acts as a regulatory factor in osteo-\/chondrogenic differentiation of mechanically stimulated mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"25","author":"Ode","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1986-x","article-title":"Secretomes from mesenchymal stem cells participate in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Ogata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10013","article-title":"Cytokine mixtures mimicking secretomes from mesenchymal stem cells improve medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in a rat model","volume":"2","author":"Ogata","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxac043","article-title":"MHC class I enables MSCs to evade NK-Cell-Mediated cytotoxicity and exert immunosuppressive activity","volume":"40","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15413","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells home to inflamed ocular surface and suppress allosensitization in corneal transplantation","volume":"55","author":"Omoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-011-1275-2","article-title":"Multiplex analysis of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 produced by human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and placental mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"151","author":"Ostanin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2011.0325","article-title":"Conditioned media from mesenchymal stem cells enhanced bone regeneration in rat calvarial bone defects","volume":"18","author":"Osugi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-400085","article-title":"Transplanted bone marrow mononuclear cells and MSCs impart clinical benefit to children with osteogenesis imperfecta through different mechanisms","volume":"120","author":"Otsuru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22408","article-title":"Stromal stem cells from adipose tissue and bone marrow of age-matched female donors display distinct immunophenotypic profiles","volume":"226","author":"Pach\u00f3n-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635055","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.635055","article-title":"Immunomodulating profile of dental mesenchymal stromal cells: a comprehensive overview","volume":"2","author":"Paganelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oral Health"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043550","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2043550","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles: therapeutic potential in organ transplantation","volume":"2024","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-010-9203-9","article-title":"Murine mesenchymal stem cells suppress T lymphocyte activation through IL-2 receptor \u03b1 (CD25) cleavage by producing matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.06.022","article-title":"Fostering tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to treat musculoskeletal disorders in bone and muscle","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587776","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.587776","article-title":"Enhancement of the therapeutic capacity of mesenchymal stem cells by genetic modification: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Pawitan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082343","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell migration during bone formation and bone diseases therapy","volume":"19","author":"Peihong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.06.020","article-title":"Activated tissue-resident mesenchymal stromal cells regulate natural killer cell immune and tissue-regenerative function","volume":"9","author":"Petri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao6806","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao6806","article-title":"Thy-1 (CD90) promotes bone formation and protects against obesity","volume":"10","author":"Picke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2015.11.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells increase proliferation but do not change quiescent state of osteosarcoma cells: potential implications according to the tumor resection status","volume":"5","author":"Pierre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. bone Oncol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11016","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17024","article-title":"Exosomal miR-21-5p derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion by targeting PIK3R1","volume":"25","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S77116","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cells as delivery of osteoprotegerin gene: homing and therapeutic effect for osteosarcoma","volume":"9","author":"Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"DDDT"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02757-1","article-title":"Enhanced osteogenic differentiation in 3D hydrogel scaffold via macrophage mitochondrial transfer","volume":"22","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2023.107978","article-title":"Comprehensive approach to degenerative spine with fragility spine fracture to improve quality of life: a case report study","volume":"105","author":"Rahyussalim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.11.014","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines and nitric oxide","volume":"2","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010192","article-title":"Challenges in bone tissue regeneration: stem cell therapy, biofunctionality and antimicrobial properties of novel materials and its evolution","volume":"22","author":"Riester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061649","article-title":"Allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in tooth extractions sites ameliorates the incidence of osteonecrotic jaw-like lesions in zoledronic acid-treated rats","volume":"9","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lozano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.05.011","article-title":"No identical \u201cmesenchymal stem cells\u201d at different times and sites: human committed progenitors of distinct origin and differentiation potential are incorporated as adventitial cells in microvessels","volume":"6","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15217-8","article-title":"Paracrine interactions between mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages are regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"7","author":"Salda\u00f1a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.63.BJR-2016-0083","article-title":"The effect of systemic administration of G-CSF on a full-thickness cartilage defect in a rabbit model MSC proliferation as presumed mechanism: G-CSF for cartilage repair","volume":"6","author":"Sasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone and Jt. Res."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000978","article-title":"Size matters: defining critical in bone defect size","volume":"31","author":"Schemitsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27560","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3-dependent inhibition of B cell activation by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Schena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2008.07.004","article-title":"Bone remodeling during fracture repair: the cellular picture","volume":"19","author":"Schindeler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.08.045","article-title":"Osteogenic effects of covalently tethered rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-9 in an MMP-sensitive PEG hydrogel nanocomposite","volume":"170","author":"Schoonraad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.07.017","article-title":"Mesenchymal stroma cells trigger early attraction of M1 macrophages and endothelial cells into fibrin hydrogels, stimulating long bone healing without long-term engraftment","volume":"10","author":"Seebach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.01.033","article-title":"Management of post-traumatic bone defects of the tibia using vascularised fibular graft combined with Ilizarov external fixator","volume":"47","author":"Semaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-015-9277-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7043","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29601","article-title":"Effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on the induction of mouse tolerogenic dendritic cells","volume":"235","author":"Shahir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.207","article-title":"Induced pluripotent mesenchymal stromal cell clones retain donor-derived differences in DNA methylation profiles","volume":"21","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240301","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1240301","article-title":"CCR2 positive exosome released by mesenchymal stem cells suppresses macrophage functions and alleviates ischemia\/reperfusion-induced renal injury","volume":"2016","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809918","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.809918","article-title":"Recent advances in single-cell view of mesenchymal stem cell in osteogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12861-015-0094-5","article-title":"The developmental basis of mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs)","volume":"15","author":"Sheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0311","article-title":"Human induced pluripotent stem cells differentiate into functional mesenchymal stem cells and repair bone defects","volume":"5","author":"Sheyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.20-0308","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Wharton\u2019s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells with teriparatide for osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a phase I\/IIa study","volume":"10","author":"Shim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2006.12.017","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells with myogenic and neuronal properties","volume":"313","author":"Shiota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15713","article-title":"Osteosarcoma mechanobiology and therapeutic targets","volume":"179","author":"Shoaib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-020-00288-z","article-title":"Healing of artificially created gap non-union using autologous cultured osteoblasts impregnated over three-dimensional biodegradable scaffold: an experimental study (rabbit)","volume":"55","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126237","article-title":"Polysaccharide-bioceramic composites for bone tissue engineering: a review","volume":"250","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-3837","article-title":"Unraveling ewing sarcoma tumorigenesis originating from patient-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"81","author":"Sole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.06.009","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell immunomodulation: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.07.014","article-title":"Intratumorally implanted mesenchymal stromal cells potentiate peripheral immunotherapy against malignant rat gliomas","volume":"274","author":"Str\u00f6jby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0315","article-title":"Injectable BMP-2 gene-activated scaffold for the repair of cranial bone defect in mice","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.12.021","article-title":"New bone formation by allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a patient with perinatal hypophosphatasia","volume":"154","author":"Tadokoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors","volume":"126","author":"Takahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X685410","article-title":"Ex vivo expanded allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells with bone marrow transplantation improved osteogenesis in infants with severe hypophosphatasia","volume":"24","author":"Taketani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01904-2","article-title":"Prevalence and influencing factors of nonunion in patients with tibial fracture: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19446","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706832104","article-title":"CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induce alternative activation of human monocytes\/macrophages","volume":"104","author":"Tiemessen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213641","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1213641","article-title":"CCL2 promotes osteogenesis by facilitating macrophage migration during acute inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Toya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010003","article-title":"IL-25 induced ROS-mediated M2 macrophage polarization via AMPK-associated mitophagy","volume":"23","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2022.101987","article-title":"Simulated microgravity affects stroma-dependent ex vivo myelopoiesis","volume":"80","author":"Tyrina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1837-1","article-title":"Prevention of glucocorticoid-associated osteonecrosis by intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model","volume":"18","author":"Ueda","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36982","article-title":"Interleukin-4 overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells within gelatin-based microribbon hydrogels enhance bone healing in a murine long bone critical-size defect model","volume":"108","author":"Ueno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater Res. A"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.05.004","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell homing: mechanisms and strategies for improvement","volume":"15","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04297-0","article-title":"Efficacy of autologous stem cell therapy in femoral head avascular necrosis: a comparative study","volume":"18","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2757-z","article-title":"Prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia","volume":"175","author":"Van Royen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102687","article-title":"Clinical applications of cell-scaffold constructs for bone regeneration therapy","volume":"10","author":"Venkataiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0947","article-title":"GM-CSF mediates mesenchymal-epithelial cross-talk in pancreatic cancer","volume":"6","author":"Waghray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/s1359-6101(99)00030-1","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 influences the life and death decisions of T lymphocytes","volume":"11","author":"Wahl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2059-2","article-title":"Role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration and fracture repair: a review","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.07.006","article-title":"Construction of tissue-engineered bone with differentiated osteoblasts from adipose-derived stem cell and coral scaffolds at an ectopic site","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59174-1","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell derived CCL2 is required for accelerated wound healing","volume":"10","author":"Whelan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13973","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16006","article-title":"Administration of mircoRNA-135b-reinforced exosomes derived from MSCs ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) in rats","volume":"24","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121741","article-title":"High-efficient engineering of osteo-callus organoids for rapid bone regeneration within one month","volume":"288","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.10.007","article-title":"Osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration of iPSC-MSCs supported by a biomimetic nanofibrous scaffold","volume":"29","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.39167","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-loaded thermosensitive hydroxypropyl chitin hydrogel combined with a three-dimensional-printed poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)\/nano-hydroxyapatite scaffold to repair bone defects via osteogenesis, angiogenesis and immunomodulation","volume":"10","author":"Xiongfa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2009.41.5.035","article-title":"Soluble mediators from mesenchymal stem cells suppress T cell proliferation by inducing IL-10","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0413","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stroma\/stem cells exchange membrane proteins and alter functionality during interaction with different tumor cell lines","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059354","article-title":"CD106 identifies a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells with unique immunomodulatory properties","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01888-0","article-title":"Short-wave enhances mesenchymal stem cell recruitment in fracture healing by increasing HIF-1 in callus","volume":"11","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.34","article-title":"CXCL12\/CXCR4 signaling and other recruitment and homing pathways in fracture repair","volume":"2","author":"Yellowley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9636897211051743","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897211051743","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical amelioration of bone fractures with mesenchymal stromal cells: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128040","article-title":"Material extrusion additive manufacturing of poly(lactic acid)\/Ti6Al4V@calcium phosphate core-shell nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue applications","volume":"255","author":"Zarei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0391-3","article-title":"Exosomes\/tricalcium phosphate combination scaffolds can enhance bone regeneration by activating the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1089\/154732804323099190","article-title":"Effects of mesenchymal stem cells on differentiation, maturation, and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12570","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12570","article-title":"Exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance fracture healing through HIF-1\u03b1-mediated promotion of angiogenesis in a rat model of stabilized fracture","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063815","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1063815","article-title":"The RANK\/RANKL\/OPG system and tumor bone metastasis: potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101192","article-title":"Immunosuppressive functions of M2 macrophages derived from iPSCs of patients with ALS and healthy controls","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575057","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.575057","article-title":"Immunomodulation of MSCs and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02249-1","article-title":"Reprogrammed mesenchymal stem cells derived from iPSCs promote bone repair in steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04768-y","article-title":"Alterations in peripheral T cell and B cell subsets in patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01778-6","article-title":"Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as bioactive materials in tendon-bone healing","volume":"21","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1421674\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T04:39:24Z","timestamp":1729485564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1421674\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"references-count":243,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1421674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1421674","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"article-number":"1421674"}}