{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:14:38Z","timestamp":1791303278170,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cough is a common symptom of respiratory diseases, and prolonged monitoring of cough can help assist doctors in making judgments about patients\u2019 conditions, among which cough frequency is an indicator that characterizes the state of the patient\u2019s lungs. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to design an automatic cough counting system to monitor the number of coughs per minute for a long period of time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, a complete cough counting process is proposed, including denoising, segment extraction, eigenvalue calculation, recognition, and counting process; and a wearable automatic cough counting device containing acquisition and reception software. The design and construction of the algorithm is based on realistically captured cough-containing audio from 50 patients, combined with short-time features, and Meier cepstrum coefficients as features characterizing the cough.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score of the method were 93.24%, 97.58%, 86.97%, and 94.47%, respectively, with a Kappa value of 0.9209, an average counting error of 0.46 counts for a 60-s speech segment, and an average runtime of 2.80 \u00b1 2.27\u00a0s.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This method improves the double threshold method in terms of the threshold and eigenvalues of the cough segments\u2019 sensitivity and has better performance in terms of accuracy, real-time performance, and computing speed, which can be applied to real-time cough counting and monitoring in small portable devices with limited computing power. The developed wearable portable automatic cough counting device and the accompanying host computer software application can realize the long-term monitoring of patients\u2019 coughing condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1477694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T04:53:48Z","timestamp":1727412828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An automatic cough counting method and system construction for portable devices"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehaoyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwang","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juncheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2016.2598794","article-title":"Deep neural networks for identifying cough sounds","volume":"10","author":"Amoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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