{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:05:34Z","timestamp":1789621534803,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide, and early detection is crucial to improving patient prognosis. However, traditional ultrasound examinations rely heavily on physician judgment, and diagnostic results are easily influenced by individual experience, leading to frequent misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. Therefore, there is a pressing need for an automated, highly accurate diagnostic method to support the detection and classification of breast cancer. This study aims to build a reliable breast ultrasound image benign and malignant classification model through deep learning technology to improve the accuracy and consistency of diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study proposed an innovative deep learning model RcdNet. RcdNet combines deep separable convolution and Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) attention modules to enhance the ability to identify key lesion areas in ultrasound images. The model was internally validated and externally independently tested, and compared with commonly used models such as ResNet, MobileNet, RegNet, ViT and ResNeXt to verify its performance advantage in benign and malignant classification tasks. In addition, the model\u2019s attention area was analyzed by heat map visualization to evaluate its clinical interpretability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The experimental results show that RcdNet outperforms other mainstream deep learning models, including ResNet, MobileNet, and ResNeXt, across all key evaluation metrics. On the external test set, RcdNet achieved an accuracy of 0.9351, a precision of 0.9168, a recall of 0.9495, and an F1-score of 0.9290, demonstrating superior classification performance and strong generalization ability. Furthermore, heat map visualizations confirm that RcdNet accurately attends to clinically relevant features such as tumor edges and irregular structures, aligning well with radiologists\u2019 diagnostic focus and enhancing the interpretability and credibility of the model in clinical applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RcdNet model proposed in this study performs well in the classification of benign and malignant breast ultrasound images, with high classification accuracy, strong generalization ability and good interpretability. RcdNet can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic tool to help physicians quickly and accurately screen breast cancer, improve the consistency and reliability of diagnosis, and provide strong support for early detection and precise diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Future work will focus on integrating RcdNet into real-time ultrasound diagnostic systems and exploring its potential in multi-modal imaging workflows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1526260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T01:26:23Z","timestamp":1750814783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Accurate classification of benign and malignant breast tumors in ultrasound imaging with an enhanced deep learning model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Baoqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"314","article-title":"Invasive ductular carcinoma in 2 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"64","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. 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