{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:25:52Z","timestamp":1791527152104,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The footwear market contains a wide variety of running shoe solutions aiming at optimizing performance and minimizing injuries. Stack height is one of the most highly discussed design features of running shoes, but its effects are not yet well understood. This study investigated the effects of different shoes differing mainly in their stack heights (High: 50\u00a0mm, Medium: 35\u00a0mm and Low: 27\u00a0mm) on running style and stability during treadmill running at 10 and 15\u00a0km\/h. A total of 17 healthy experienced runners participated. The kinematic data were recorded with a 3D motion capturing system. The running style was investigated with duty factor (DF) and leg length normalized to step frequency (SF\n                    <jats:sub>norm<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Additionally, the ratio of landing to take-off duration, the lower body joint angle time series in the sagittal and frontal planes, the vertical center of mass oscillation (COM\n                    <jats:sub>osc<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and the stiffness parameters (k\n                    <jats:sub>ver<\/jats:sub>\n                    and k\n                    <jats:sub>leg<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were compared for different conditions. The stability was analyzed using linear (i.e., discrete frontal ankle parameters) and nonlinear methods (i.e., Maximum Lyapunov Exponent for local dynamic stability of head, trunk, hip, and foot, and detrended fluctuation analysis of stride time). High resulted in longer ground contact relative to stride time (i.e., DF) compared to Low. The higher the stack height, the higher was the COM\n                    <jats:sub>osc<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Furthermore, High led to a longer foot eversion during stance compared to Medium. In addition, the local dynamic stability of the hip decreased with High in comparison with Low. The higher stack heights (\u226535\u00a0mm) led to a lower SF\n                    <jats:sub>norm<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 15\u00a0km\/h but not at 10\u00a0km\/h. The remaining shoe effects were independent of running speed. Findings showed that changes in stack height can affect running style. Furthermore, the highest stack height resulted in changes related with instabilities (i.e., longer foot eversion and lower hip dynamic stability) which may be a critical issue in terms of injuries and performance. However, this study did not include joint load analysis or running performance measures such as VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Future studies may benefit from combination of analysis approaches to better understand stack height effects on running injuries and performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1526752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T01:36:10Z","timestamp":1740101770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The effects of running shoe stack height on running style and stability during level running at different running speeds"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cagla","family":"Kettner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Stetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.02.034","article-title":"Years of running experience influences stride-to-stride fluctuations and adaptive response during step frequency perturbations in healthy distance runners","volume":"70","author":"Agresta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-015-0007-y","article-title":"Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors","volume":"1","author":"Barnes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med. - Open"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2023.2218321","article-title":"The influence of footwear midsole thickness on running economy and frontal plane ankle stability","volume":"15","author":"Barrons","year":"","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2023.2199257","article-title":"The influence of midsole thickness on running biomechanics and performance in female and male runners, does size matter?","volume":"15","author":"Barrons","year":"","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2024.2316345","article-title":"The influence of midsole thickness on running turns","volume":"16","author":"Barrons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517708193","article-title":"Biomechanical factors associated with achilles tendinopathy and medial tibial stress syndrome in runners","volume":"45","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. 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