{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:48:19Z","timestamp":1792622899810,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00273459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00273459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Dysarthria is a speech disorder that stems from impaired muscle control due to lesions in the articulatory system, necessitating targeted rehabilitation exercises to strengthen affected muscles. Current devices used for rehabilitation often fail to accurately assess exercise execution, which limits their effectiveness.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> This study introduces a novel oral-motor rehabilitation device designed to overcome these limitations. The device features flexible sensors and a signal processing module that provides real-time feedback on training intensity. It is integrated with a mobile application that enables users to monitor their tongue\u2019s range of motion and track their progress through a calibration process that uses a simple moving average filter. A preliminary study was conducted with five healthy adult male subjects to verify the device\u2019s basic operational characteristics.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The effectiveness of the device in improving muscle function and regulating training intensity was evaluated using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. The results showed promising outcomes in enhancing articulation and oral-motor skills, indicating that the device could effectively contribute to dysarthria rehabilitation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> By addressing the gaps in current rehabilitation practices for dysarthria, the proposed device offers a comprehensive and personalized approach to oral-motor therapy. Its ability to provide immediate feedback and track progress can significantly enhance the rehabilitation process, potentially leading to better outcomes for patients with dysarthria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1543259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T01:28:28Z","timestamp":1743125308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Design of a personalized oral\u2012motor exercise device for speech impairment rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Seong Tak","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Wan","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungdae","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/sono.12230","article-title":"Tongue sonography: an introduction","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sonography"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-013-9451-3","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of measurements of tongue and hand strength and endurance using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI)","volume":"28","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12271","article-title":"Effect of the tongue rotation exercise training on the oral functions in normal adults\u2013Part 1 investigation of tongue pressure and labial closure strength","volume":"42","author":"Arakawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2024.11.003","article-title":"Is advanced arthroscopic debridement in patients with end-stage TMJ degenerative joint disease associated with improved quality of life and pain reduction?","volume":"83","author":"Cheung","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"585","article-title":"A moving average-based filtering system with its application to real-time QRS detection","volume-title":"Proceedings of Computers in cardiology","author":"Chen","year":"2003"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12469","article-title":"A systematic review of measures of dysarthria severity in stroke patients","volume":"13","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.08.001","article-title":"Tracking dynamic tongue motion in ultrasound images for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"43","author":"Chien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0062)","article-title":"Effects of directional exercise on lingual strength","volume":"52","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear Res."},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Tongue exercises: benefits and how-to\u2019s\n          \n          \n            \n              Coach\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Owen\n              R.\n            \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"A comparison of two lingual strengthening devices: Iowa Oral Performance Instrument and Abilex [Master\u2019s thesis]","author":"Cunningham","year":"2020"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30782","article-title":"Concurrent validity of the IOPI and Tongueometer orofacial strength measurement devices","volume":"133","author":"Curtis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-23-00488","article-title":"A comparison of lingual pressure generation measures using two devices in community-dwelling, typically aging adults: an important clinical implication","volume":"67","author":"Drulia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-21-00331","article-title":"Effects of tongue-strengthening exercise on tongue strength and effortful swallowing pressure in young healthy adults: a pilot study","volume":"65","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-010-9928-8","article-title":"B-mode and M-mode ultrasonography of tongue movements during swallowing","volume":"71","author":"Gal\u00e9n","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.50.2.140","article-title":"Prevalence of self reported stroke in a population in northern England","volume":"50","author":"Geddes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. and Community Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1562646","article-title":"Tongue-surface movement patterns during speech and swallowing","volume":"113","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"Using gross motor for oral motor How trunk turning exercises can improve tongue lateralization\n          \n          \n            \n              Health Care\n              UMMC\n            \n            \n              Lowsky\n              D. C.\n            \n          \n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mobile application with simple moving average filtering for monitoring finger muscles therapy of post-stroke people","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international electronics symposium (IES)","author":"Hidayat","year":"2015"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1800108","article-title":"Assessment of dysarthria with Frenchay dysarthria assessment (FDA-2) in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"44","author":"Hijikata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.11","article-title":"Effect of orofacial myofunctional exercise using an oral rehabilitation tool on labial closure strength, tongue elevation strength, and skin elasticity","volume":"25","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2004.09.001","article-title":"Patterns of tongue movement","volume":"33","author":"Iskarous","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phon."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13266","article-title":"Tongue cleaning in the elderly and its role in the respiratory and swallowing functions: benefits and medical perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Izumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-024-10751-w","article-title":"Biofeedback and exercise load affect accuracy of tongue strength exercise performance","volume":"40","author":"Kamarunas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.18905\/jodu.53.1_31","article-title":"Relationship between tongue elevating exercises and tongue pressure","volume":"53","author":"Kamimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Osaka Dent. Univ."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-020-10195-y","article-title":"Five specific tongue movements in a healthy population","volume":"36","author":"Kappert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00016-9","article-title":"Voice dysfunction in dysarthria: application of the multi-dimensional voice program","volume":"36","author":"Kent","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-130835","article-title":"Study of accent-based music speech protocol development for improving voice problems in stroke patients with mixed dysarthria","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/10852352.2018.1547305","article-title":"Oral motor treatment: effects of therapeutic feeding on articulatory skills","volume":"47","author":"Kollia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Interv. Community"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20134","article-title":"Early communication development and intervention for children with autism","volume":"13","author":"Landa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000071019","article-title":"Effects of two types of tongue strengthening exercises in young normals","volume":"55","author":"Lazarus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"701","article-title":"The periodic moving average filter for removing motion artifacts from PPG signals","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Control Autom. Syst."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.07.014","article-title":"Effect of tongue-to-palate resistance training on tongue strength in healthy adults","volume":"48","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmu.2014.02.003","article-title":"Ultrasonography in evaluating tongue movement","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrasound"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1044\/lle10.1.7","article-title":"Oral motor exercises and treatment outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Lof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perspect. Lang. Learn Educ."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13032","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13032","article-title":"Dynamic tongue area measurements in ultrasound images for adults with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"29","author":"Manlises","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4967446","article-title":"Associations between tongue movement pattern consistency and formant movement pattern consistency in response to speech behavioral modifications","volume":"140","author":"Mefferd","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2020.12.4.204","article-title":"Salivary secretion and salivary stress hormone level changes induced by tongue rotation exercise","volume":"12","author":"Mizuhashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Prosthodont"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32429-8","article-title":"Acoustic properties of vowel production in Mandarin-speaking patients with post-stroke dysarthria","volume":"8","author":"Mou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21011","article-title":"Human tongue neuroanatomy: nerve supply and motor endplates","volume":"23","author":"Mu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S194808","article-title":"Tongue-pressure resistance training improves tongue and suprahyoid muscle functions simultaneously","volume":"14","author":"Namiki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10259-7","article-title":"Effects of effortful swallowing exercise with progressive anterior tongue press using Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) on the strength of swallowing-related muscles in the elderly: a preliminary study","volume":"37","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3631","article-title":"Effect of tongue strength training using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument in stroke patients with dysphagia","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10254-y","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of Iowa Oral Performance Instrument measures in persons with Parkinson\u2019s disease compared to healthy adults","volume":"37","author":"Pitts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.02.007","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging for analyzing lateral tongue movements during mastication in adults with cerebral palsy compared with adults without oral motor disabilities","volume":"41","author":"Remijn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22711","article-title":"A three-dimensional atlas of human tongue muscles","volume":"296","author":"Sanders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.07.007","article-title":"Speech and language development and disorders in children","volume":"55","author":"Sharp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12247","article-title":"Involvement of parents in intervention for childhood speech sound disorders: a review of the evidence","volume":"51","author":"Sugden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/21681163.2015.1072056","article-title":"In vivo intraoperative hypoglossal nerve stimulation for quantitative tongue motion analysis","volume":"5","author":"van Alphen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. Imaging Vis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1543259\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T01:28:37Z","timestamp":1743125317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1543259\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1543259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1543259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"article-number":"1543259"}}