{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:11:17Z","timestamp":1793225477627,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laser refractive surgeries are a safe option for low-to-moderate refractive corrections, providing excellent visual outcomes. Over the years, various procedures have been introduced into clinical practice, but the most performed today remain Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK), Laser <jats:italic>In-Situ<\/jats:italic> Keratomileusis (LASIK), and Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE). Although laser refractive treatments are considered safe, clinicians have focused on the risk of post-surgical ectasia, a rare but serious complication. Ectasia is characterized by progressive corneal thinning and steepening, leading to vision distortion, irregular astigmatism, and in some cases, a reduction of visual acuity. It is still debated whether laser refractive surgeries can cause ectasia as an iatrogenic condition or merely accelerate the progression of an underlying corneal pathology, not detected during pre-surgical screening. The proposed work investigates the relationship among three laser refractive surgeries (PRK, LASIK and SMILE), currently performed in clinical practice, and ectasia onset and progression by means of an <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An average 3D finite-element corneal model is developed and a pathological area, characterized by reduced stiffness of varying severity grades, is defined to analyze its influence on ectasia development and progression in the pre-surgical state. Three laser treatments (PRK, LASIK and SMILE) are simulated on healthy and pathological models. Pre- and post-surgical conditions are compared to check whether any procedure worsens the pre-surgical pathological state. The optomechanical effect of each procedure on the cornea is analyzed at both healthy and pathological conditions and compared to establish which refractive procedure mostly affects corneal structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the three refractive procedures showed different behaviors in terms of mechanical changes affecting the cornea, from an optical perspective, as the pathology severity worsened, none of the surgeries caused a worsening in the cone\u2019s severity with respect to pre-surgical pathological conditions. This result suggests that surgeries may have a limited role in causing post-surgical ectasia, as it seems more plausible that they accelerate the progression of an underlying pathological condition. Among the three procedures, PRK was found to be the least invasive treatment from a mechanical perspective, while SMILE showed the greatest impact on the posterior surface, suggesting a potential long-term risk for ectasia progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1548539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T07:32:28Z","timestamp":1740555148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unraveling the impact of laser refractive surgery on corneal ectasia: an in silico study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Fantaci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F\u00e9lix","family":"Rodriguez Matas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Squartecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Vavassori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2007.01142.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans in keratoconus","volume":"86","author":"Akhtar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309834","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of peripheral and central stroma of keratoconus cornea","volume":"101","author":"Alkanaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. 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