{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:38:05Z","timestamp":1792100285744,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the biomechanical properties of the dura mater from 29 Chinese adult donors (20 -86 years), focused on the influence of age, anatomical region, sex and loading direction, to establish Chinese population - specific material parameters for cranial finite element (FE) models and enhance forensic traumatic brain injury analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, a total of 275 dural specimens were prepared and categorized into young adult (20-44 years), middle aged (45-64 years), and elderly (\u226565 years) cohorts. Samples were excised from frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions and tested uniaxially in sagittal and coronal directions, with strain measured via digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. True stress-strain curves were fitted to the Raghavan model to determine elastic fiber modulus (<jats:italic>E<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>), collagen fiber modulus (<jats:italic>E<jats:sub>C<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>), failure stress (<jats:italic>\u03c3<jats:sub>Tf<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>), and failure strain (<jats:italic>\u03b5<jats:sub>Tf<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>); ultimate tensile force (MaxForce) was also recorded. Histological analysis assessed age-related microstructural changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>indicated significant age-related degradation: <jats:italic>E<jats:sub>C<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>\u03c3<jats:sub>Tf<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>\u03b5<jats:sub>Tf<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>; and MaxForce significantly decreased with age (median <jats:italic>E<jats:sub>C<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> declined from 28.0 MPa in young adults to 15.3 MPa in the elderly, P &amp;lt; 0.05; median <jats:italic>\u03b5<jats:sub>Tf<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> from 0.215 to 0.156, P &amp;lt; 0.05), while <jats:italic>E<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> showed no significant age correlation (P = 0.10). Significant regional variance were observed, with the parietal region exhibiting higher <jats:italic>E<jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> (P = 0.01) and <jats:italic>\u03c3<jats:sub>Tf<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> (P = 0.03) compared to the occipital region; <jats:italic>\u03b5<jats:sub>Tf<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> showed no significant regional differences (P = 0.12). Dura mater demonstrated clear anisotropy: sagittal loading yielded significantly higher median <jats:italic>E<jats:sub>C<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> (27.0 MPa vs. 18.1 MPa coronal, P = 0.003), <jats:italic>\u03c3<jats:sub>Tf<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> (4.30 MPa vs. 3.18 MPa coronal, P = 0.020), and MaxForce (12.9 N vs. 10.3 N coronal, P = 0.014). No statistically significant sex-based differences were found for any parameter (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Histology confirmed progressive age-related collagen disorganization and elastic fiber degradation. In conclusion, Chinese adult dura mater exhibits significant age-dependent decline in mechanical integrity, clear anisotropy favoring the sagittal direction, and notable regional heterogeneity, but no significant sex-based differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings provide crucial, population-specific data for improving the biofidelity of FE head models and forensic injury analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1550228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1753766444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Uniaxial tensile material properties of adult Chinese dura mater: investigating the influence of age, sex, and anatomical site"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jinming","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsheng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaifei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwu","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghua","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengdong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03725-y","article-title":"Average biomechanical responses of the human brain grouped by age and sex","volume":"53","author":"Alshareef","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. 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