{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:23:51Z","timestamp":1790774631495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/5-528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/5-528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030730","name":"Fordonsstrategisk Forskning och Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-02613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-02613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In future autonomous vehicles, a greater seat back recline angle has been suggested to accommodate a more relaxed occupant position. Due to the reclined position, the pelvis rotates rearward resulting in less favorable in-crash pelvis to lap belt interaction. In a crash, this issue can increase the likelihood of the lap belt disengaging from the pelvis and instead loading the abdomen,\n                      <jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>\n                      , submarining. Hence, to enable assessment of submarining prevention measures for reclined occupants in frontal car crash scenarios, it is motivated to enhance the understanding of pelvis to lap belt interaction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this simulation study, the submarining outcome of a population of reclined 50%ile (in terms of height and weight) male occupants, subjected to restraint variability in a semi-rigid seat setup, was analyzed through finite element human body model (FE-HBM) simulations (n = 369). To account for the substantial individual variability associated with pelvic shape, a statistical shape model was utilized to predict a large set of random 50%ile male pelvises. Based on select measurements, a sub-sample was drawn from this set (n = 78) for inclusion in the analysis. The simulated submarining outcome and corresponding occupant\/restraint parameters were used to generate a metamodel predicting probability of submarining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that random variations of a 50%ile male can be comparable with restraint design variability on submarining outcome for reclined occupants. Significant predictors included three from the occupant (pelvis angle, iliac spine hook angle, and H-Point forward\/rearward position), and three from the restraint (buckle angle, seat friction, and seat pan angle). Non-significant predictors included occupant soft tissue thickness and fat stiffness, shoulder belt load limit force, and inclusion\/exclusion of single lap belt pre-tensioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, this study implies that future vehicle safety ratings, using different versions of a 50%ile male FE-HBM, may be subject to variation in submarining outcome if harmonization of the target occupant anatomy\/posture is not established. In addition, based on the response in a semi-rigid seat setup, this study also indicates that to achieve robust submarining protection for reclined occupants, the current legal requirements on buckle angle might need a shift towards more vertical angles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1570572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T05:46:10Z","timestamp":1752126370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of occupant and restraint variability in reclined positions on submarining probability in frontal car crash scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Brynskog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"\u00d6sth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Johan","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Iraeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1405390","article-title":"Occupant kinematics of the hybrid III, THOR-M, and postmortem human surrogates under various restraint conditions in full-scale frontal sled tests","volume":"19","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. 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