{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:23:54Z","timestamp":1789961034305,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) has gained prominence as an injectable dermal filler as it can both stimulate collagen regeneration and deliver long-lasting effects. However, its application is often hampered by delayed therapeutic onset and adverse events, particularly nodule formation, likely due to uneven distribution caused by the easy formation of small clumps during PLLA reconstitution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, PLLA porous microspheres were administered at six dorsal sites on one flank of New Zealand white rabbits, with six contralateral sites receiving L\u00f6viselle as control. At predetermined experimental time points, subjects were humanely euthanized. Post-euthanasia, tissue sections underwent histological examination through hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;amp;E) staining and Masson\u2019s trichrome technique, with subsequent statistical analysis of the observational data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PLLA porous microsphere group demonstrated significantly faster onset of action compared to the control, with observable collagen deposition as early as week 2, enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, more homogeneous tissue distribution, and substantially fewer microaggregates upon histological examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structural modification of PLLA microspheres has successfully accelerated their onset of action while reducing nodule formation, thereby providing novel insights for clinical applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1571820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T05:20:55Z","timestamp":1753766455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Faster efficacy and reduced nodule occurrence with PLLA (poly-l-lactic acid) porous microspheres"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qihua","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxia","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilei","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaijia","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueliang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112576","article-title":"Size-dependent phagocytic uptake and immunogenicity of gliadin nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37506","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000037506","article-title":"Application of PLLA (Poly-L-Lactic acid) for rejuvenation and reproduction of facial cutaneous tissue in aesthetics: a review","volume":"103","author":"Ao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"029","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544924","article-title":"Injectable fillers: review of material and properties","volume":"31","author":"Attenello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Facial Plast. 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