{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:47:04Z","timestamp":1753890424976,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microneedles are minimally invasive devices, designed for pain-free drug delivery. Until now, the degree of strain exerted on the skin during microneedle insertion, in comparison to gold standard hypodermic needles, has not been quantified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper presents experimental results from a novel digital image correlation setup to quantify maximum normal strain exerted on a skin-mimicking membrane by hollow silicon microneedles and 25-gauge stainless steel hypodermic needles through contact, deformation, rupture, and device insertion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings here have shown 1 \u00d7 5 hollow silicon microneedle arrays exert significantly lower maximum normal strain compared to 25-gauge hypodermic needles. There is an average of 75% decrease in the maximum normal strain experienced by the membrane when using microneedle devices in comparison to that of the 25-gauge hypodermic needles. This quantification of strain has been discretised to each individual needle in the microneedle device, allowing for informed design choices for future device iterations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest the hollow microneedle devices to be a gentler alternative for transdermal applications, potentially improving patient comfort and reducing tissue trauma when compared to the gold standard, traditional 25-gauge hypodermic needle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1580464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T08:11:47Z","timestamp":1751271107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel stereo DIC characterisation of microneedle and hypodermic needle insertion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"McNamee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220600700925","article-title":"Pain following controlled cutaneous insertion of needles with different diameters - PubMed","volume":"23","author":"A-N","year":"2006","journal-title":"Somatosens. and Mot. 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