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Grounded in the concept of regenerative repair, IVD engineering has emerged as a significant research focus in spinal surgery. This review systematically examines the relationship between LBP and IDD, describes the physiological characteristics of healthy IVD and the pathological features of IDD (including inflammatory responses and stress stimulation), and provides an overview of current treatment methods and clinical trials. The review focuses on summarizing and evaluating tissue engineering research, particularly the preclinical and clinical findings on the effects of various seed cells, bio-scaffolds, and bioactive factors on IVD, to explore a more comprehensive therapeutic approach. 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