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Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multi-specific and long-lasting T-cell immunity has been recognized to indicate long-term protection against pathogens, including the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Functional significance of peripheral memory T cells in individuals recovered from COVID-19 (COVID-19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) is beginning to be appreciated; however, the role of lung tissue-resident memory (lung TRM) T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection is still being investigated. This is, in part, due to the lack of preclinical tissue models available to follow the convalescence period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we utilize a perfused three-dimensional (3D) human lung-tissue model and show pre-existing local T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 proteins in lung tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> maintenance of functional multi-specific IFN-\u03b3-secreting lung TRM T cells in COVID-19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and their induction in lung tissues of vaccinated COVID-19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> subjects. Importantly, we identify SARS-CoV-2 peptide-responding memory B cells and IgA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> plasma cells in <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> cultured lung tissues of COVID-19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>. Furthermore, lung tissue IgA levels were increased in COVID-19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and responded to peptide stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, we highlight the importance of utilization of human lung-tissue models to understand the local antiviral immune response in the lung to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1587080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T05:28:18Z","timestamp":1751952498000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lung-resident SARS-CoV-2 peptide-specific immune responses in perfused 3D human lung explant models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kayla F.","family":"Goliwas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabisa","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel L.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Athar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Mobley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor J.","family":"Thannickal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Harrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessy S.","family":"Deshane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15115","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant antibodies wane 6 Months after vaccination","volume":"326","author":"Abbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0244-2","article-title":"B cell memory: building two walls of protection against pathogens","volume":"20","author":"Akkaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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